Hamlet’s Best Friend, Horatio Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlets Best Friend, Horatio The Shakespearean drama Hamlet shows much deception and crime. Few friendships in the play survive boulder clay the end. But Hamlet and Horatio, best of friends, are not even separated by the heros death. This essay will elaborate on this relationship. A.C. Bradley in Shakespearean Tragedy notes a problem involving Horatio in Shakespeares Hamlet When Horatio, at the end of the soliloquy, enters and greets Hamlet, it is evident that he and Hamlet have not latterly met at Elsinore. Yet Horatio came to Elsinore for the funeral (I.ii. 176). Now even if the funeral took place some three weeks ago, it seems rather strange that Hamlet, however absorbed in grief and however go from the Court, has not met Horatio. . . (368). Marchette Chute in The Story Told in Hamlet describes Horatios part in the opening scene of the play The story opens in the frosty and dark of a winter iniquity in Denmark, while the guard is being changed on the battlements of the royal castle of Elsinore. For two nights in succession, just as the bell strikes the hour of one, a ghost has appeared on the battlements, a figure dressed in complete armor and with a face like that of the knackered king of Denmark, Hamlets father. A young man named Horatio, who is a school friend of Hamlet, has been told of the apparition and cannot believe it, and one of the officers has brought him there in the night so that he can see it for himself. The hour comes, and the ghost walks (35). Horatio, frightened, futilely confronts the ghost What art thou that usurpst this time of night, Together with that fair and warlike clay In which the majesty of buried Denma... ...Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Excerpted from Stories from Shakespeare. N. p. E. P. Dutton, 1956. Granville-Barker, Harley. Place and Time in Hamlet. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Prefaces to Shakespeare. vol.1. Princeton, NJ P rinceton University P., 1946. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York Oxford University P., 1967. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.

My Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Teaching Teachers Education Essays

My Teaching Philosophy Statement The teaching profession is one of coarse stature. The public views this c beer as very respectable, even little children one dream of one day becoming a teacher. Teachers are special batch that have the opportunity to touch and change hundreds of lives over the course of their own. Those wishing to make a difference in the world today will learn that teaching is the way to do that. These, along with many others, are the reasons behind my choice to become a teacher. My philosophical stance regarding education is very eclectic. My views are not a mix of just two or three stances but instead all four. I am very much an dreamer in the respect that I believe it is essential for a teacher to know their glut. Students know when a teacher is highly educated in the content they are teaching. I believe that teachers will have more respect and class involvement from their students if the students view them as well educated. My realistic views relate to having schoolroom management plan that is dictated in the beginning. I believe that the teacher should be seen as the ruler of the classroom. Students should be told up front what is expected from them throughout the course of the year, and explained the purpose for proper behavior and order in the classroom. If these rules are dictated at the very beginning of the year it will be comfortable to punish those who fail to follow rules. I am also an existentialist in the since that I feel students should be given some choices, maybe not so much in the rules of the classroom, but in the ways in which they want to learn. Some children learn better in groups, some prefer workforce on activities and others like to get material out of a textbook. I believe children should get to choose how they would like to complete certain assignments. Last I feel I am somewhat a pragmatist.

Human Life And World Essay -- Philosophy Emotions Papers

Human Life And WorldI dispute the claim that the disclosure of the life-world by phenomenology is an accomplishment of permanent significance. By briefly reviewing the meaning of the world and life-world in the writings of Husserl, Gurwitsch, Schutz-Luckmann, Ortega, Heidegger, Jonas, Straus, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, I show that they all treat the world, or rather the affairs which comprise it, as passively present whether viewed as a mental acquisition or as the Other. But the meaning of the world-as that wherein are met physical demands upon us which must be at rest if we are to continue living-cannot be considered either as a mental acquisition or as something that is other and over against us. A living universe as living cannot fail to attend to the agency of the affairs of which the life-world consists, as well as ones own exploring and coping actions. If we are to really speak of life, thus we must acknowledge the mutual and reciprocal activities of living beings and world. Gurwitsch has written that the disclosure of the life-world by phenomenology is an accomplishment of permanent significance. (1974, 12) But is such a claim justifiable? I believe it is not. I shall briefly examine first the way transcendental and then existential phenomenologists understand the meaning of world or life-world and how the world is to be experienced as such, and I shall critique the views of each in turn.The appropriate philosopher with which to begin an examination of any major phenomenological theme is most certainly Husserl. We as objects and subjects find ourselves in our conscious activities in a pre-given world existing for all in common according to Husserl. This world, always already there, is the univ... ...ng beings and world. ReferencesDewey, John, Reconstruction in Philosophy, Boston, 1957.Dubos, Rene, The Torch of Life, unused York, 1962.Gurwitsch, Aron, Studies in Phenomenology and Psychology, Evanston, 1966.Gurwitsch, Aron, Phenomenology and the Theory of Science, Evanston, 1974.Husserl, Edmund, Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston, 1970.Jonas, Hans, The Phenomenon of Life, New York, 1966.Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, Phenomenology of Perception, London, 1962.Ortega y Gasset, Jose, Phenomenology and Art, New York, 1975.Schutz, Alfred, and Luckmann, Thomas, Structures of the Life-World, 2 vols., Evanston, 1973 and 1989.Shotter, John, Social Accountability and Selfhood, Oxford, 1984.Straus, Erwin, Aesthesiology and Hallucinations, in Existence, ed. by May, Angel, Ellenberger, New York, 1958.

Masculinity in Men Should Weep by Ena Lamont Stewart and Perfect Days b

Masculinity in Men Should Weep by Ena Lamont Stewart and Perfect Days by Liz Loc fountainheadBoth operates portray custody under a cast out light. In Men Should Weepmen be the dominant sex and are seen socially of far greaterimportance. Whereas in Perfect days men are easily manipulated andtend to be controlled by the contents of their trousers.Men Should Weep is a play which examines how the family unitcrumbles under the pressure of poverty. John the incur of thefamily is the main male figure throughout the play. His wife Maggiedoes everything for him and their family. However although there isalways a lot to be done John man senesces not to do anything to help as hewould never want to damage his alter ego. Not only doesnt he helparound the house just now he is also unemployed. This says a lot aboutJohns character and implies that he is a selfish self-centredcharacter.Id an stem a was heid o this hooseAlthough John gives the family no support in anyway he is still quiteconte nt in thinking that he is head of the household. Due to the waysociety was at this time it implied that women had to do as theirhusbands told them. Once women married they were their husbandsproperty. Men in that day and age overruled women they were morepowerful and a lot of women feared them for various reasons. Domesticabuse was a main reason for this fear. Although a lot of women weredomestically abused it wasnt something they talked about. Mrs Boneone of the neighbours which are used as a vehicle to examine how menhave a hold over women in the play is a victim of domestic abuse.I just canna understand a women who lets her man bash her aboot..Standing up to men was unheard of you just wouldnt... ...Brendan doesnt know about. Grant is seento give Barbs a lot of happiness but their relationship ends withGrant asking.Why are you so ashamed of me?This portrays Grant as a very nave character as Barbs was only usinghim for a bit of fun the relationship as never serious, yet he looked upon it to be.In conclusion the portrayal of men and masculinity in two Scottishplays that I have studied are that they completely dominate thesociety. They are selfish self-absorbed characters.In Men Should Weep this is portrayed through John a veryself-absorbed character. I think the writers purpose was to show howbad the conditions were that people use to live in and some peoplestill do.In Perfect Days the men are portrayed to be very stupid and weakcharacters. I feel that the writers purpose was to show that womencan cope without men.

Expanding Lives: My Teaching Philosophy :: Teachers Education Essays

Expanding Lives My program line PhilosophyLife progresses in front of our own eyes, sometimes without us noticing. The days go by, the nights grow dark and then it is morning. In the course of each passing day, countless opportunities arise, some of which we take on while others we ignore. Teaching and learning are two of these chances, two I feel upon which we should never pass. In order to ensure I am inform and learning at nearly every prospect, I have always lived my life history as if it is a color in book. When I was a peasant, I scribbled on every page, going away messy streaks of crayon and never staying in the lines. Time went by with elementary school, and I learned the importance of following rules and staying in the lines. As I grew cured and entered high school, I decided it was time to strengthen the boundaries, solidifying each picture with clarity and neatness. But here I am, in college and at the close of my Junior Professional Experiencejunior student teaching. How can my coloring book already be complete? It is not. Now it is time for me to go beyond the restraints, to color the world outside of each picture. By teaching and learning at every possibility, I will enrich not only my coloring book, but the pages of others as well.Teaching is not a simple task and it is not trouble-free, but I feel it is the most rewarding of all of lifes opportunities. I see teaching as a way of helping an individual billow. That expansion is not limited to knowledge, however. I want to expand a students mind, personality, understanding, worldview, and personal drive as well. If I help a student learn to read, that is teaching. If I assist a child in tying his shoe, that is teaching. If I practice with my brother while he works on his touchdown throw, that is teaching. If I make someone a better person, that is teaching in its most immaculate form. By expanding an individuals ability to have an open mind and to accept people and their differences, I have do them a nobler person. If a student sits in my class all year with the literature and grammar going in one ear and out the other, but she unflurried leaves with a better understanding of herself and a broadened scope of the world around her, I have succeeded in expanding her to some extent.

Anne Frank. Essay example -- essays research papers

Anne stark(a)The diary of a young girlAnne was a 13 years Jewish girl that lived in Neatherlands in the time world war 2 was taking place with a bad temper, it helped work with what she wanted. Thats why she didnt get on hearty with her sister, her mother, and everybody else. The only different one was her dad, he understood what was happening to her, ( puberty), and helped her with everything she wanted.On her birthday she received a diary, Anne named it Kitty, and Kitty was her best friend ever since. From the graduation exercise day she had it, she would write all the thoughts, feelings and wishes she had.Her parents were sales people, that thought, that in Neatherlands they might be safe from the nazis.Her life changed, when in July of 1942, the nazis came there searching for jewish people. So the Franks took a hard decision hide from the nazis, living in the house secret room. They were shearing this room with the Van Daan family, close friends to their family.Since that day a different life started, a life they didnt imagined, and didnt know what road would take. Living in the secret room wasnt easy hiding scared every day and night, and running always with a threatening life. Worse, living with the Van Daans, a family Anne didnt like, with their little naughty daughter. Anyway, they were protected by people that gave them food and took good care of them. The Van Daans were becoming more and more impolite every day that passed, cause the pressure ...

Effectiveness of juvenile justice Essay

There is no doubt that youthful offending has occurred through and throughout enter history. youth wrongdoers ar grouped in an private division of the criminal arbitrator system, known as the puerile Justice System. insipid Justice is an huge term, encompassing numerous aspects of the criminal umpire system, from criminology, to crime prevention strategies, punishment and rehabilitation. According to the Children ( woeful Proceedings) venture 1987 (NSW), juvenile individual arbiter refers to the system of criminal justness which deals with offenders betwixt the ages of ten and eighteen. This group groundwork then be subcategorised into offenses committed by pip-squeakren (aged ten to fifteen) and upstart people (aged sixteen to eighteen). Both of these subcategories of individuals in the juvenile justice system argon said to hold criminal office. nevertheless those subjects low the age of ten, according to the Children ( roughshod Proceedings) exemplify 1987 (N SW), hold no criminal office, due to the unwashed law deed of doli incapx1.The subsequent report will outline a variety of facets of teenaged Justice as a present criminal justice burn indoors Australia, with an strain on diversionary schemes, the Childrens Court and Detention Centers (juvenile justice centimeers and juvenile correction centers). Further more than, the issue will be loted within the jurisdiction of youthful confederation Wales. The reason for much(prenominal) a jurisdiction restriction to consider the issue that within New South Wales is because recent Justice Law differs in each state and territory due to it cosmos part of the residual index fingers of the state, granted under the principle of the division of power which is in full operation within Australia. Preceding the presentation of the issue, an extensive assessment of the issue of Juvenile Justice in relation to justice, equating and rectitude will be make, drawing upon various case mate rial, legislation and media sources, to draw an accurate conclusion on the feelingiveness of the legal system in relations with the matters that surround Juvenile Justice.Breaking the Myths the reality (F sours and Figures) of Juvenile Justice in New South Wales The usual picture painted of juvenile crime is competently drawn in the following comment made to the Australian Law Reform Com relegating when it was examining the sentencing of young offenders nonions of a juvenile crime wave nearly to engulf the fraternity of interests have wide popular currency. Itseems to be commonly believed that juveniles commit a disproportionately large make out of right mortalal and billet offences, or that new legislation and programs lead to an increase in juvenile crime, or that society is getting soft on its delinquents, and that tougher institutions and harsher penalties would help curb juvenile crime.2In contrast to the picture created by m some(prenominal) media stories and thus societys general view on juveniles, it faecal matter easily be shown how inaccurate the portrayal may be, when drawing upon statistical evidence and data. One of the crimes virtu wholly(prenominal)y associated with juveniles is motor vehicle stealth. Motor vehicle theft has been declining since 2000, with 7618 vehicles stolen in November 2003 organism the lowest figure recorded since figures were initiative collected in 1995. Further, despite poplar images, in 2002 03 only 29 per cent of motor vehicle theft offenders were juveniles and this rate was lower than data collected in 1995 96, when 36 percent of motor vehicle theft offenders were juveniles.This is non the only example which exposes the inaccuracy of both the media and societys illustration of juvenile crime. The rate of juvenile offending is decreasing, from 4092 per 100,000 juveniles in 1995 96 to 3130 in 200203. The rate of offence dropped twenty per cent since 1995, while the female rate increased slightly to 2000-01, and then dropped 28 per cent by 2003. The closely common juvenile offences are early(a) theft (this category includes offences much(prenominal) as pick pocketing, bag snatching, stealing and bike theft), unlawful entry with intent, assault, and motor vehicle theft. Rates for any of these, except assault, declined between 1995-96 and 2002-03 and the rate for other theft decreased by 38 per cent in this period. 3 See Appendix 1 and 2 for full statistical graphs and tabulated evidence.The NSW situation of dis hookesy Statistics and Research publishes extensive figures for criminal cases in the Childrens Court. These figures do not include cases dealt with by diversionary schemes (which will discussed shortly). In 2002, the Childrens Court had 8546 juveniles have the appearance _or_ semblance before it on criminal charges, and cases were proven against 5398 of them. The six around common offences are pictured in Appendix 3, 4 and 5.New South Wales Juvenile Justice Regu latory LegislationThe main statutes regulating the operation of Juvenile Justice in Australia are Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW) This second sets out court procedures for trying youngsterren. It was amended by the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Amendment (Adult Detainees) Act 2002 (NSW) to have people convicted of an indictable offence transferred to adult correction facilities upon turning eighteen. Children (Detention Centres) Act 1987 (NSW) This act sets out the way in which juvenile justice centres are administered and executees encompassing the supervision of juvenile detainees Children (Community Service Orders) Act 1987 (NSW) This out outlines supervisory affectes of juvenile offenders placed on community assistance night clubs Childrens Court Act 1987 (NSW) Sets out the constitution and jurisdiction of the Childrens Court Children (Protection and Parental Responsibility) Act 1997 (NSW) This act explicitly has made parents responsible for the historic al and forthcoming actions of their children.It has also granted police to have powers to remove young people from public places in local government operational areas newfangled Offenders Act 1997 (NSW) An Act to establish procedures for dealing with children who commit certain offences through the use of youth justice conferences, cautions and warnings instead of court proceedings and for other purposes 4. offensive activitys Amendment (Detention After Arrest) Act 1997 (NSW) amends the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) to give police powers to detain young people after arrest for up to four hours Juvenile Offenders Legislation Amendment Act 2004 (NSW) This act established a new form of prison (juvenile correctional centre) for young people sixteen years and older. Amendments were made to the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 (NSW), Children (Detention Centres) act 1987 (NSW) and the Crimes ( system of Sentences) Act 1999 (NSW).The statues concerning juvenile justice have been created according to international law principles, or amended, to ratify various international conventions of which Australia is a party. Children are recognised internationally as to be treated differently from adults in the criminal justice system, acknowledging that children progress through a number of developmental stages as part of the process of becoming adults. Such international law which recognises the need to treat juveniles differentlycomprise of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CROC)United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency UN Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of their Liberty A separate juvenile justice system provides safeguards to harbor children and young people, based on international rules for the administration of juvenile justice. In NSW this separate juvenile justice system is administered by the Department of Juvenile Justice, whose miss ion statement is to provide services and opportunities for juvenile offenders to meet their responsibilities and lead a life free of further offending5.Diversionary SchemesIt is enlighten that in that location are a variety of statutes regulating the operation of juvenile justice in New South Wales. Of particular importance is the early days Offenders Act 1997 (NSW). This act came into effect on April 6th 1998. The objects of this act aim to establish a scheme that provides an alternative process to court proceedings for dealing with children who commit certain offences through the use of youth justice conferences, cautions and warnings6. That is, change the way the criminal justice system deals with young offenders by diverting young offenders outside(a) from the court and juvenile justice centres, to alternative forms of intervention (see appendix six for full objects of the act and appendix seven for the sentencing of juveniles an illustration of when diversion pot occur).Th e Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW) gives a hierarchical scheme of alternatives to court hearings and custody these schemes from the lowest take of the hierarchy to the highest level of the hierarchy are Warnings directed by the NSW lawFormal cautions directed by the NSW PoliceYouth Justice hosts directed by the Department of Juvenile JusticeThese diversions from the court and juvenile justice centres can be employed for the vast majority of offences committed by young people. However, inSection 8 of the Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW) the offences which are covered/not covered by the statute are describe. Offences that cause the death of a psyche, indecent assault, exasperate indecent assault, acts of indecency (see appendix eight for definition and scope), aggravated acts of indecency, sexual intercourse (or attempt of) with a child between ten and sixteen years, attempts or acts of bestiality, serious drug offences and motor vehicle offences where the young somebody is old eno ugh to hold a license or permit under the Motor Traffic Act 1909 (NSW) are not covered by the Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW)7 and are in that locationfore dealt with by the court system.WarningsUnder the Young Offenders Act police officers have the discretion to give young offenders warnings for fry summary offences that do not involve violence or related issues. An example of such a minor summary offence is the use of smelly language in public. A warning can be issued at some(prenominal) time or place and does not require that the young somebody admit the offence, although, the police moldiness record the time, place and nature of the offence and the offenders name and gender. The investigating official must take locomote to ensure that the child understands the purpose, nature and effect of the warning8.CautionsUnder the Young Offenders Act police have the discretion to issue a formal caution for more serious offences covered under the Young Offenders Act. The young offender must admit the offence (after being given the opportunity for legal advice) and consent to being cauti whizzd. If a young person chooses not to be cautioned, they will be dealt with by a court. When reservation the decision to issue a caution, the police officer must consider (a) the serious-mindedness of the offence,(b) the degree of violence involved in the offence,(c) the harm caused to any victim,(d) the number and nature of any offences committed by the child and the number of times the child has been dealt with under this Act, (e) any othermatter the police officer thinks appropriate in the circumstances. 9 A maximum of common chord cautions can be given to any one person. A number of individuals, on request by the offender, can be present when the caution is given, including (a) the child and the person giving the caution,(b) a person responsible for the child,(c) members of the childs family or extended family,(d) an adult chosen by the child,(e) a respected member of the community chosen by the child, if the person arranging the caution is of the opinion that it is appropriate in the circumstances to do so, (f) an interpreter,(g) if the child has a communication or cognitive disability, an appropriately skilled person, (h) if the child is under care, a social worker or other health professional, (i) if the child is subject to probation or a community service order, the childs supervising officer, (j) if the investigating official is not giving the caution, the investigating official. 10 As a end of a caution, the young person can be asked to write an apology to any victim(s) of the offence, but no other conditions or penalties may be imposed on the child.Youth Justice ConferencesThe aim of the scheme of Youth Justice Conferences, empowered by the Young Offenders Act, is to encourage young people to take responsibility for their actions and to discourage them from reoffending. This process entrusts issues to be addressed in a non-threatening envir onment and enables the youth to gain access to appropriate services, such as counselling, to help them resolve the underlying problems. The offender must consent to the conference, and must be given a chance for legal advice before consenting to the conference. The decision to hold a conference can be made by the Director of Public Prosecutions or upon court order. The decision to hold a conference is based on the following factors (a) the seriousness of the offence,(b) the degree of violence involved in the offence,(c) the harm caused to any victim,(d) the number and nature of any offences committed by the child and the number of times the child has been dealt with under this Act, (e) any other matter the Director or court thinks appropriate in the circumstances. 11 The Department of Juvenile Justice is responsible for the operation of youth justice conference in NSW. Youth justice conferencing offices are based mostly in Juvenile Justice Community Offices throughout NSW. Those nor mally present at the conference can include, the conference convenor, the young offender, the parents/guardians of the offender, other members of the offenders family, the victim (if they choose to attend), support people of the victim and a police officer.The result of a Youth Justice Conference is the creation of an out pay off plan, a realistic and achievable plan agree on by the offender and victim. Each outcome plan is different, and may include the following (a) the making of an oral or written apology, or both, to any victim, (b) the making of reparation to any victim or the community, (c) participation by the child in an appropriate program,(d) the taking of actions directed towards the reintegration of the child into the community. 12 If a young person satisfactorily completes an outcome plan, no further action can be taken against him or her for that offence. If this is not the case, the administrator returns the matter to the referring body which then deals with the young person as if the conference had never occurred.Childrens Court Sentencing OptionsYoung offenders are referred to the childrens court empowered under Childrens Court Act 1987 (NSW) and Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987(NSW) for the most serious indictable offences, such as murder, manslaughter, sexual offences, domestic violence, drug trafficking and any other offences that result in the death of a person (i.e. all offences which are not covered under the Young Offenders Act). The court has limited sentencing options, set out in a hierarchy of available penalties in order of severity. Sentencing hierarchies have been introduced in order to guide the court in selecting an appropriate penalty and to provide a greater degree of consistency in sentencing. round statutes prevent the court from imposing a sentence at one level unless it is satisfied that a sentence at alower level of the hierarchy is inappropriate. Such requirements have been designed to require magistrates to jus tify the use of more severe penalties, to promote the use of non-custodial options, and to reinforce the use of detention as a sentence of last resort.The sanctions available to the Childrens Court in NSW, in order of decreasing severity, include the following detention in a juvenile justice centre or juvenile correction facility suspended detentioncommunity service order, attendance centre orderprobation (usually up to cardinal years) or other supervised order fine or compensation and devout behavior bondfine or compensationreferral to a youth conferencing schemegood behavior bondundertaking to observe certain conditionsdismissal of charges with or without either a reprimand or a conviction recorded The objectives of sentencing, defined as, retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation have a certain difficulty in being met when sentencing juveniles. Instead, sentencing aims to meet the following objectives Responsibility intent, excuse, impairment, motive. This miti gating factor of responsibility is changed when applied to young offenders, due to the notion of reduced responsibility because of age Proportionality sanction applied by the court needs to take reckon of the seriousness of the crime and responsibility of the offender Equality consistency in punishment.Frugality sentence imposed should be the least restrictive that is appropriate renewal the court must take into account the chances of rehabilitation for the offender As well as an outline of the options available when sentencing and the objectives that must be achieved when sentencing, the key issue that remains to be examined is the actual use of these sentencing options. Appendix Nine tabulates the various court outcomes from the Childrens Court in 2000. Noteworthy is the other proven outcomes category, comprising a total of 15.1 per cent of the outcomes. This category includes such outcomes as apprehended violence orders, compensation andcommittals to higher courts. The next majo r category is dismissed with a caution, comprising 13.8 per cent of the court outcomes. The offence categories where dismissals are most frequently used are public order offences and drug offences. Most notable is the use of detention, the sixth most frequently used outcome, 9.8 per cent of the time.Detention Centers Juvenile Justice Centers and Juvenile Correction Centres In some jurisdictions there are certain legislative requirements when the court is considering sentencing a young person to a period of institutionalisation. Generally speaking, the court must be satisfied that no other sentencing option is appropriate, that is, the offender has not responded to the different preventive and rehabilitation methods available or the offender has committed a serious indictable offence and no other sentencing option is feasible. It is put one across that the use of detention is meant to be a last resort measure.The detention of young offenders is driven by several competing rationales , including deterrence, retribution, community safety and rehabilitation. The relative emphasis placed upon these will shape the overall direction of detention-centre policy and have a major impact on the nature of the incarceration experience. Many guidance and education programs are available in Juvenile Justice Centers and Juvenile Correction Centers, like, Kairong Juvenile Correction Facility and Reiby Juvenile Justice Centre in New South Wales. It is expected that these young offenders will be able to exit the system with the corresponding skills and vocational opportunities as any other youth, as they offer many services to incarcerated offenders, such as drug and alcohol counseling serviceseducational opportunitiesvocational programshealth programs and servicesrecreational programs self-directed living programsarts and crafts coursescultural programs special services for Aboriginal offenders legal servicesIt is clear that detention facilities, as required by legislation, pr ovide a secure, stable environment with an accent on rehabilitation andreintegration into the community. Importance is placed on upholding the rights and dignity of juvenile offenders and maintaining family links.Juvenile Justice Fairness, Equality and JusticeThe three key legal notions of fairness, equivalence and justice are fundamental when assessing any issue within the Australian legal system. It is said that these three notions are the unfit cornerstones of the entire legal system, with each decision (whether they be statute law or common law decisions, decisions by government departments or decisions made by law enforcers) made within the legal system, hinging on fairness, equality and justice. It is fundamental, when assessing the issue of juvenile justice as a current criminal justice issue, to consider fairness, equality and justice, independently, even though these three notions, in operation, are interdependent. The following is an assessment of juvenile justice in rel ation to the specific issues which have been outlined in this report, thus far. These specific facets of juvenile justice are its relevant regulatory legislation, diversionary schemes, the Childrens Court and Detention Centers. EqualityMany individuals indicate that equality before the law is the most fundamental and important aspect of our judicial system. Equality before the law means that all people who come before courts are treated equally regardless of their individual situation this is formal equality before the law. But equality also suggests that everyone is treated the same and to achieve equal treatment, mitigating circumstances must be taken into account during the legal process, so that equality of outcomes can be achieved.The statues regulating juvenile justice all take into account the age of criminal responsibility before the law, and the fact that being a juvenile does in fact reduce responsibility before the law. Because of this, formal equality for juveniles can be achieved, as all juveniles are considered to have reduced criminal responsibility due to the fact that they are indeed juveniles.The imposing of formal equality, which is clearly defined in the various statutes regulating juvenile justice, does not occur during the operation of the statutes by law enforcement officials, such as police officers. It is evident that minority racial groups can be discriminated against at the law enforcement level, that is, due to the police. During the documentary, Insight Juvenile Justice, produced by SBS Australia and screened by SBS Australia on March 3rd 2000, which was documented by reporter, Vivan Ultman, raises many issues in regards to the treatment of ethnic minorities within the juvenile justice system. Chris Cueen a criminologist in New South Wales believes there is a clear reason for the over representation of minority groups in Juvenile Justice Centers, stating the clear answer to that is the most marginalized kids in society are the one s that end up locked up, its a reflection on un duty and ethnicity.Former magistrate of the Childrens Court in NSW, Rod Blackmore, states that they (ethnic minority juveniles) arent being dealt with more harshly by the courts, or by the system, its rather a gate keeping problem, whether theyve been diverted in the first place by the police or they are quickly being aerated and arrested by the police. Because of the lack of diversion by the police, who do not utilize diversionary schemes empowered under the Young Offenders Act 1997 (NSW), such as an on the spot warning or a more serious formal caution, a clear inequality has resulted leaving more ethnic minorities, such as autochthonic Australians, in juvenile correction facilities. This overrepresentation, specifically to indigenous Australians, is clearly illustrated in the statistical data comprised by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, shown in Appendix Ten.Yet, this over representation could be avoided if the poli ce force took active steps to ensure equality in treating indigenous Australians. Over policing in areas of high indigenous population could be reduced to decrease the tensions between indigenous juveniles and the police. In an article written by Liz Gooch, titled Aboriginal Prison Rates Increasing in The Age on the 12th of July 2005, the focus is on indigenous juveniles who are, as quoted, 20 times more likely to be detained than other Australians. Not only this, such unequal treatment could affect their future significantly, peradventure leading to further convictions later in life.Yet, of importance, is the inequality of ethnic minorities within the community prior to entering the Juvenile Justice System. In New South Wales, groups of indigenous Australians and those from non-English speaking backgrounds, are portrayed by the media as being disadvantaged and typical offenders. Whether or not this true, this has a strong armorial bearing on the factors which lead individuals, li ke these minority groups, to commit crimes. The result of negative public image can ofttimes lead to the justification of groups such as indigenous Australians, to commit crimes. But, active steps have been taken to ensure equality of all juvenile offenders who appear before the Childrens Court, as all juveniles have access to the wakeless Aid Youth Hotline, which gives free advice to juveniles at all stages in the juvenile justice system.Not only this, during diversionary schemes such as cautions and Youth Conferencing young offenders may elect individuals to be present at such schemes, such as interpreters, to ensure equality of opportunity for all young offenders. Equality of opportunity is further encouraged through the use of various educational and vocational training programs during incarceration periods. This ensures that when juveniles dwell their incarceration sentence, they are at equal (or near equal) status with other individuals, as if they had not been through the process.There is also indirect discrimination created by the notion of equality before the law. An Australian Law Reform Commission and Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission join report, Seen and Heard Priority for Children in the legal Process13, identified a number of problem areas with respect to young people. One of the most important problems was their relationship with police, the inadequacy of courtroom facilities and brusk training for criminal justice personnel in dealing with young people. Although this report was created some time ago, improvement is a process of continuity, which may never be fully achieved. FairnessFairness refers to the legitimate and proper conduct in the performance of an act or duty. In regards to Juvenile Justice there are many instances when unfair treatment in the eyes of the law may occur. One such example ofthis is the provision of legal advice upon detainment of a juvenile. In the past, when a child asked to speak to a lawyer, police had sometimes given the young offender a telephone book and told them to look one up, often outside business hours. In the case of R v Clifford Cortez14 the court found that this was not fair practice and that the custody manager must testify the child about the free Legal Aid Youth Hotline and help them to access it. In this case, Justice Dowd created common law precedent, when he declared Young people aged 17 rarely have a solicitor and rarely have a contact number for one available. It is as pie-eyed as suggesting they might contact their architect or dietary advisory.The whole intention of the hotline is that young people would know that is free, that it is available, and that they would be able to obtain advice there and then. Failure to make it available is a clear breach of the Act and regulation but, more importantly, in breach of the requirement of fairness to the young person. It is clear that in an effort to allow fairness during the juvenile justice process, the right to legal advice must be upheld.Furthermore, in the case R v Phung and Hunyh15 the importance of the appropriate support person was enforced. In this case, seventeen year old Johnny Phung was suspected of committing an armed robbery and fatal shooting. Police arrested him and conducted ii interviews while he was in custody. The these interviews, Phung made admissions about his involvement with the offences. Phung, was not granted an appropriate support person during his questionings. The support person in the first interview with Detective Senior Constable Quigg was Phungs 21 year old cousin, who did not have strong English (and too was intimidated by the police).The second support person was a Salvation Army Officer who was a stranger to Phung and did not have any opportunity to talk to him privately. When Phung was charged and brought to Court, justice wood refused to admit the interview transcripts, finding that the police had acted improperly by not providing an appropriate sup port person for Phung. Justice Wood stated I would exclude the evidence, since I am of the view that the apparent failure of those concerned to secure compliance with the regime gives rise to an unfairness, and outweighs the probative value of the admissions obtained, properly as they might have been. It is clear that in the efforts topromote fairness in the juvenile justice system, an appropriate support person must be present during the police detainment.Particular unfairness can result in the Childrens Court Sentencing Process, with the most important consideration in sentencing juveniles being rehabilitation. This was illustrated in a case that went to the New South Wales Court of Criminal Appeal, R v GDP16. P was a 15 year old boy who, with two friends, caused extensive deadening to a car yard and construction company in the western suburbs of Sydney, to the value of more than $1.5 million. P was arrested by the police and made admissions in two records of the interview. Ps c harge could have been determined in the childrens court however, the court used its discretion to commit P to stand trial in the District Court. P pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 12 months detention. A successful appeal was lodged in the Court of Criminal Appeal and the sentence was reduced to 12 months probation. Justice Matthews, in her judgement, made a number of points concerning the principles of sentencing young people. She noted that P was a first offender and had received a favourable court report, school report and psychiatric report.He had rehabilitated himself to a substantial degree since the original offence by not reoffending and by returning to school. Justice Matthews found that the original judge who had imposed the custodial sentence had been wrong on two accounts. Although the sentence of 12 months detention was within the range of appropriate penalties, it did not take into account the youth of the offender or his or her prospect of rehabilitation. Not only t his, the sentencing judge had failed to complete the minor role played by P in the offences, he had the same sentence as one co-offender but had played a comfortably less role. Other cases since GDP have also been significant in upholding the importance of rehabilitation, including R v Wilkie17, R v Vitros18 and R v ALH19. It is clear that in order to produce a fair outcome for each individual, mitigating circumstances must be taken into account as well any other particular circumstances which surround the case.Examples such as these are extensive, with numerous cases of unfairness during process due to inadequacy of complying with various specifications, outlined in statutes such as the Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987(NSW) and the Childrens Court Act 1987 (NSW). JusticeJustice is a subjective term depending on the context it is used in. Everyone has an individual idea on what they personally believe justice is. Justice takes into account the notions of equality and fairn ess, as well as notions of access, equity and human rights.Criminal law is said to operate to right the wrongs of individuals in the community, on behalf of the state. It is a matter of public law, where the state prosecution acts on behalf of all members of society to give the most appropriate retribution for the individuals wrong to society. Yet, Youth Conferences as a diversionary scheme are questioned in their ability to achieve justice for the individual moved(p) by the crime, and thus justice for society. In 2003, 1250 Youth Justice Conferences were run as alternatives to the Childrens Court. Through a youth conference, an individual experiences shame in front of the eyes of intimates and must experience a form of repentance in front of these intimates. It is said to achieve justice for young offenders as it is not excessively confrontational and produces an achievable outcome plan, agreed upon by both the offender and the victim. But, the question remains as to if this is in actuality an achievement of justice.Conferences are considered by many to be a progressive approach to juvenile justice because they recognise the rights of young offenders, their victims, and both their families and community to decide what to do about the damage caused by the offenders actions. They also provide a forum for discussing and addressing many of the complex issues associated with young peoples offending. In a documentary, titled Joes Conference what happens at a youth justice conference, produced by the Redfern Legal Centre Publishing, in 2000, depicts the process of youth justice conferences as it follows the story of Joe, a youth offender who stole a car, preceded to destroy the car and was then caught by the police, and sent to a youth justice conference. At the conclusion of the documentary, Joes agreed outcome plan includes community service and undertaking vocational training at a certifiedmechanics work shop. No compensation is rewarded for the victim, who has lost his car. Although agreed upon by both the offender and the victim, justice, in the eyes of many, may have not been achieved.Yet, contrary to this opinion, in an article have on the Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, NSW, titled Re-offending by young people cautioned or conferenced, released on the 3rd of January 2007, found that Juveniles who receive a caution or a youth justice conference are less likely to re-offend than those who are referred to the Childrens Court. Using statistics given by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, the article states that Forty-two per cent of those cautioned and 58 per cent of those dealt with at a youth justice conference had a further offence proved against them in the Childrens Court over the five-year follow-up period and only a small proportion of those cautioned (5.2 per cent) or conferenced (10.8 per cent) committed an offence serious enough to blurb a custodial sentence within five years of being cautioned or conferenced. It is c lear that Youth Conferencing can achieve justice, because re-offending rates are decreased.Not only this, justice is achieved for individuals who are able to confront the offender and express their opinions. This is depicted in the article titled Justice in the cell with no nix, written by Jock Cheetham, which appeared in The Sydney Morning Herald on the 29th of October, 2004. Journalist, Jock Cheetham, observes the Youth Conference, on condition that no one except the convener is identified. The Youth Justice Conference was held to create a successful outcome plan for the offender, who is known as Dave, for offences larceny, vandalism and driving under the influence of alcohol. This article allows the understanding of how Youth Justice Conferences do in fact achieve justice, as it states how the victims matt-up as a result of the Conference, when the victims and Dave agreed that the offender, Dave pay $500 and do 20 hours community work at a Police and Citizens Youth Club. One of the victims, known as Jacquline states, But I was still a bit angry at the end, I still feel he got off a bit easily. It was good because we felt it was over and seizee with. It doesnt wipe it all away, but you feel part of the process.It is clear that Youth Justice Conferences do achieve justice for victims and allow rehabilitation, and thus justice, for offenders. Not only this, by diverting cases away from the Childrens Court, a much greater resource efficiency is gained and greateraccess for all young offenders is promoting, furthering the justice provided. Juvenile Justice Centers and other correctional detention facilities, do not achieve justice. Chris Cureen, a criminologist, states the most you can say about imprisonment is it takes a young person out of circulation for a period of time and so they are no as likely to commit an offence while theyre behind bars, but in terms of deterrence they dont work, they dont stop other kids from committing offences and they certainly dont stop those same kids from committing offences when they get out. Juvenile Justice Centers are said to teach crime so that young offenders are more skilful criminals upon release in essence, Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland, theory of differential association.It is easiest and most pleasing to society to put youthful offenders behind bars, but perhaps justice is not achieved by doing this, as it hardens the young offender and fosters further criminal behaviour. Yet, the question remains as to why incarceration facilities offer skills for children to earn a good living upon release. Chris Cueen, states, One of the most profound ironies out of something like this is that somewhere like Kariong (the highest security juvenile justice centre in NSW) has the best employment opportunities, so you lock someone up in sort of the maximum security environment, and there at the end point you begin to five them skills or education that shouldve been offered at the very start of the process . Juvenile Justice Centers offer educational programs to rehabilitate young offenders, but too, foster crime. It is dependant on each individual as to whether the correctional facility is beneficial or detrimental to the offender. Furthermore, laws regulating Juvenile Justice uphold international human rights standards, such as the UN Conventions on the Rights of the Child (CROC).The statues regulating juvenile justice provide for non-discrimination (article 4), the best interests of the child (article 3), survival and development (article 6) and participation in decision making (article 12). Justice is achieved for young offenders as statues regulating offenders protect ratified human rights conventions. Not only this, justice for juvenile offenders is achieved as it is an offence to publish or broadcast the name or other identifying characteristics of a young person appearing before or convicted by the childrens court. This achieves justice as it avoids future stigmatisation of th e young offender and also by ensuring maximumopportunities for personal growth and development. ConclusionOverall juvenile justice law, as assessed in the introductory section, promotes fairness, equality and justice. The common law aims for rehabilitation of offenders, but will not hide from more serious sentencing options, such as detention. If this is continually maintained as the driving force behind the Juvenile Justice System, the pinnacle point of the effectiveness will be reached. For the system to be most effective, a repose must be achieved between the offender and sentencing options, remaining in proportion. Although great improvements are needed in areas of dealing with minority offenders to achieve formal equality before the law, as well as further strict enforcement of principles set out in Juvenile Justice regulatory statues to achieve fairness, total justice, and the utmost effectiveness of the system will be reached.BibliographyBooksCunneen. C, White. R. Juvenile Justice Youth and Crime in Australia, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2002Loughman, J. Mackinnon. G, Hot Topic 49 Juvenile Justice, Legal tuition Access Center, NSW, 2004Findlay. M, Odgers. S, Yeo. S, Australian Criminal Justice, Oxford University Press, NSW, 1999Healey. K, Issues in Society Volume 90 Youth and The Law, The Spinney Press, NSW, 1998Healey. K, Issues in Society Volume 40 Juvenile Justice, The Spinney Press, NSW, 1995Department of Juvenile Justice, Whats Happening in Juvenile Justice in NSW?,Department of Juvenile Justice, Sydney, 2000Ardagh. A, Youth Conferencing Contrasting Models, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, 1996OConnor, I. and Sweetapple. P, Children in Justice, Longman Cheshire, NSW, 1988Western. J, Lynch. M, Ogilvie. E, Understanding Youth Crime An Australian Study, Ashgate, NSW, 2003Roberts. A, Juvenile Justice Sourcebook Past, Present and Future, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004Cornu. Daryle, Miller. A, Robinson. S, Kelly. T, Steed. K, C ambridge Legal Studies HSC, Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, 2006Gleeson. W, Brogan. M, Siow, V, Hayes. M, Thiering, N. Heinemann Legal Studies HSC Course, Heinemann, NSW, 2003Brassil. D, Brassil. B, Excel HSC Legal Studies, Pascal Press, NSW, 2005Draper. H, Legal Studies HSC, Longman, Melbourne, 2002McCarthy. J, Suter. K, Watt. R, Legal Studies 2, Macmillan, South Yarra, 2000DocumentariesVivian Ultman, Insight Juvenile Justice, SBS Australia screen on March 3rd 2000Fiona Cochrane, Youth Express Is Justice For all?, Marcom Projects, 1993Joes Conference what happens at a youth justice conference, Redfern Legal Centre Publishing, 2000ArticlesLiz Gooch, Aboriginal Prison Rates Increasing in The Age on the 12th of July 2005Jock Cheetham, Justice in the cell with no bars, The Sydney Morning Herald on the 29th of October, 2004.Re-offending by young people cautioned or conferenced, Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, NSW, 3rd of January 2007CasesAccessed via http//beta.austlii.e du.au/R v Clifford Cortez (Unreported Supreme Court, 3 October 2002)R v Phung and Huynh 2001 NSWSC 115 revised 15/05/2001R v GDP (1991) 53 A Crim R 112R v Wilkie, NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, unreported 2 July 1992R v Vitros, NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, unreported 3 September 1993R v ALH, NSW Court of Criminal Appeal, unreported 26 May 1995Note Cases in the NSW Childrens Court are heard in camera, and could thus not be used in the reportWebsiteshttp//beta.austlii.edu.au/, accessed 23/2/07http//home.comcast.net/ddemelo/crime/differ.html, accessed 23/2/07www.aic.gov.au, accessed 23/2/07www.djj.gov.au, accessed 23/2/07www.abs.gov.au, accessed 23/2/07

Book Review: When Genius Failed Essay

Lowensteins ability to come up with a concise, coherent taradiddle and his experience in financial journalism is strongly evident in this book. Not only can Lowenstein weave together and tell a bully story (this author felt he was being led by dint of the history of the fund and its characters by bingle of its inner partners while reading through this book), he also pays attention to details whenever it is needed and he succeeds greatly by catching many important subtleties (such as in the beginning of Chapter one when he used one of those subtleties in Meriwethers early atomic number 18er to explain the basis of LTCMs core business model and the subtle, but gradual hyphen drift that brought down the hedge fund afterwards) as well as making many interesting observations along the way (such as the fatal stigma LTCM committed when it started engaging in stocks arbitrage as opposed to sticking to bond arbitrage). 7. Concept Unsystematic Risk. A specific jeopardy is a risk that affects a very small number of pluss. This is sometimes referred to as unsystematic risk. In a balanced portfolio of assets there would be a propagate between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio.Unlike systematic and market risk, specific risk can be diversified away. A diversified portfolio is the realisation of the proverb dont put all your eggs in one basket. As Irish investors become more sophisticated in their strategies, they look beyond the risks of stock-picking to managing risk through diversified, balanced investment portfolios. Mr. Fitzgerald, portfolio manager for Hibernian Investment Managers said that often the first step in reducing risk is investing in pooled investments like mutual funds, unit trusts and unit-linked funds. Its a toe-in-the-water position, they begin with cautiously-managed funds, and then as they grow in wealth or experience they may choose a managed fund with higher paleness content Source Margaret E. Ward, The Irish Times, 2nd July 1999. 10. Concept The Capital summation Pricing Model (CAPM). William Sharpe the Capital Asset Pricing Model in 1964. Parallel work was also performed by Jack Treynor, John Lintner and Jan Mossin. CAPM is used in finance to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset.It considers a simplified world where there are no taxes and action costs, all investors have identical investment horizons and identical opinions about expected returns, volatilities and correlations of available investments. This model states that the expected return on a specific asset equals the risk-free rate plus a premium that depends on the assets beta and the expected risk premium on the market portfolio. CAPM panoptic Harry Markowitzs modern portfolio theory and of diversification to introduce the notions of systematic and specified risk.Source www. google. com 11. Concept Capital Budgeting. Capital Budgeting or Investment Appraisals are the p lanning processes used to determine a firms long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products and inquiry and development projects. This is the process of identifying which long-lived investment projects a firm should undertake. US entertainment giant Warner Brothers investigated a possible high-tech back office studio development in Belfast.Executives from the group conducted an appraisal of possible investment opportunities on the site. The group planned a high-tech quarter in Belfast, which it hoped would attract multimedia, informatics and telecoms firms to set up in Northern Ireland. Source Francess McDonnell, The Irish Times, 7th August 2001. 18. Concept Financial Management. This is managing a firms internal cash flows and its mix of debt and equity financing, both to maximise the value of the debt and equity claims on firms and to ensure that companies can pay off their obligations when they come due.This is illustrated through f inancial reporting the dream of accordant and uniform systems of financial reporting around the world is a seductive one. It is also elusive. The problem is that, however great the attempts at providing a universally gratifying standard, the differing goals of the worlds reporting regimes get in the way. Europe and about a 100 other countries go for the International Financial Reporting Standards (IRFS) whereas, the US stand alone and stick to their US generally accepted accounting (GAAP) yet seek reconciliation from the IRFS.It is the electronic tagging and analysis system XBRL that will modify the elements of a companys financial reports to be accessed by users and reconfigured to provide whatever information the user wants. Mr. Cox, the Securities and Exchange Commission chairman said he was looking forward to a future in which XBRL, US GAAP and IFRS would be interconnected and hence the problem of global comparability would be work. Source Robert Bruce, Financial Times, 4th January 2007.

Why Tobacco Advertising Should Be Made Illigal

Tobacco advertising should be made illegal. First of all it is correspondent with growing death rate. In average, over four hundred000 people die from tobacco usage every year. We should not support tobacco advertising when it is harmful to everyone. The only kind of advertising that has to deal with tobacco should be associated with stop smoking.Such advertising should help people to bring up smoking or should inform people about risks of smoking and about consequences that be involved. Comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promoting can result in a considerable reduction of tobacco consumption on a internal level. Tobacco advertising should be banned from television, billboards, magazines, the internet and other places where one might find the advertising.Tobacco advertising is one of the worst kinds of advertising because it is pretty often telling everyone that it is okay to smoke because others are doing it also. Furthermore, tobacco advertising must be forbidden beca use it would be the most effective among teenagers, the easiest to be influenced by detrimental examples, fashions and emulation because of their psychological immaturity that lead them to adopt smoking as a mask to appear and feel themselves more adult.Tobacco advertising must be banned forever only thinking to how much the cures against cancer, too frequently useless, are expensive for the sanitary systems of all the world these very high cost have surely never been paid by tobacco multinationals, except for the damages paid, after recent long trials, to a minimum part of the victims of this fashionable and safe vice.

Examine Two Evolutionary Explanations of Behaviour Essay

Charles Darwins theory of evolution puts forward a statement, Survival of the fittest. This is widely considered true, but in reality fairness is a slight variation of this, more comm completely known as natural holdion. The survivors atomic number 18 the ones who adapt best to their environment and argon then commensurate to reproduce. This substance that there genes carry on through the generations and we gradually impose the favorred characteristics for survival become more common. Over time the human go will become more and more adapted for survival on earth and this process is called evolution.Psychologists look at the behavioural aspects of people in swan to work out whether the behaviour of humans has been determined through evolution. They fork up done this by studying our mechanism determining levels of disgust and the way we prefer one diet or type of nutrition over another food, e.g. taste.Our way of determining what is disgusting is really a way of stopping us from touching or coming into contact with things that would be harmful to us. This is because these things are supposed to impede our ability to survive. Therefore, humans stimulate adapted so that we are disgusted by these marks.In 2006 Fessler conducted a study on pregnant women who were in their first trimester of their pregnancy and studied their nausea in reaction to reliable samples. Fessler hypothesised that these pregnant women would have a higher level of disgust because of their pregnancy. In the first trimester of pregnancy, the resistant system of the mother is suppressed so that the foreign dead body (the baby) growing their womb is safer. Therefore, to keep the women safer, the body develops a heightened sense of disgust to protect itself.Fessler conducted his research on 496 participants (Ps), pregnant women, who were aged 18-50, but were at una like points in their pregnancies. This was in order to separate the results and compare the results of women in their f irst trimester to those of women in their second or third trimestres. All of these women had had normal pregnancies thus farthest and were considered healthy. He gave each of the women 32 scenarios and asked the women to rate the scenarios by level of disgust.Fessler found that women in their first trimester of pregnancy had a higher sense of disgust than those in their second or third trimesters. This supported Fesslers hypothesis. Therefore, he concluded that the heightened sense of disgust was advantageous, because it allowed our ancestors to survive for very much longer and similarly allowed their genes, which helped them to surviv, to pass to their offspring. The results also show that there was a diminishing level of disease threat when women are pregnant, because there is not as much of a chance that women will become ill from food, because they will be disgusted by these foods. Therefore, the will be more picky about food. This proves the fact that their disgust mechanism has over-compensated, because the immune system is being suppressed.This study uses a large sample of 496 women. Therefore, the study has population validity. As a result, we can apply the researchers findings to a large part of society. Furthermore, the study has cultural validity, because of its large sample. Therefore, it can be applied to people who are from vastly different backgrounds. Lastly, Fessler had a control collection to compare results to. This was a group that contained women who were sick in their first trimester and women who were not. The fact that Fessler had a control group makes the results much more reliable. Consequently, we can say that these results are both reliable and valid.On the other hand, the research has many problems with it. One of which is that there are withal many scenarios to rate for disgust. Therefore, the Ps may have become de-sensitised by the end of the scenarios or may have felt more disgusted. Furthermore, these results may not relia ble. To obtain more reliable results, Fessler should have only used 15-20 scenarios, this leaves him with enough data to complete his research, but is less likely to affect the P. The second problem is that there are demand characteristics. This means that Ps might change their results to help the researchers to find what they want, or might purposefully go differently in order to screw up the results. This means that we cannot cuss on the results. Lastly, we do not know the rating scale he used. A scale from 1-an odd number would not be useful because Ps are able to sit on the fence. Therefore, the best scale would be one which ranges from 1-4.In another experiment, 77000 Ps were studied by Curtis et al. (2004). They were studied to see whether there were patterns in peoples disgust responses. These Ps were from 165 different countries. Curtis made all of the participants take a 20 scenario survey like Fesslers survey. There were seven pairs of photos that looked like its paired p hoto, but one was shown as an infectious substance.Curtis et al found that the subtstances which would harm humans the intimately were the substances that were rated as the most disgusting by the Ps. The researchers also found that levels of disgust decreased with age and that women generally had much higher levels of disgust than men. This supports the concept that Fessler supported. That disgust is a way of protecting the unborn child when the immune system is being suppressed.This study has population validity, because it has an extremely large sample (77000 Ps). Therefore, we can apply this to most sectors of society. It also has cultural vailidty, because the Ps are from 165 different countries. This means that we can apply the findings to people from all over the world. Lastly, the test is not too long for it is only 20 scenarios long. This means that the P is unlikely to become de-sensitised or become too disgusted. As a result the research is much more reliable.However, thi s study doesnt have ecological validity, because the Ps are looking at pictures on a screen instead of the actual object. This means that disgust may be influenced by other senses like smell and hearing. An improvement because of this may be to actually show the Ps the samples as an object in front of them.Psychologists have also looked to explain other behaviours like what foods we like. For example, as humans, most of us like to eat sweeter foods like fruit. In 1928 Davis investigated the take behaviour of infants and young children in a paediatric unit. They did thi9s by monitoring the foods that the children chose.Davis found that have an unlearned regulatory mechanism and are able to select a healthy diet. Furthermore, they tended to choose sweet or salty food while avoiding foods that are bitter. Davis concluded that the preference for sweet food could be because our ancestors undeniable to eat sweeter, high fructose and glucose foods like fruit, which contain the calories need for energy.Also the preference for salty foods may have been our ancestors preference for meat in their diet. This was for a good source of protein, for growth. The natural avoidance of bitter foods would have helped ancestors protect themselves from eating poisonous foods. Nowadays our preference for sweet foods is satisfied by high-calorie products such(prenominal) as sweets and fizzy-drinks. This research has ecological validity, because the choices of the children were only monitored by the researchers and werent forced. This means that the results are valid for the children in this environment. However, this experiment has many problems. One of which is that it doesnt have population validity. This means that the results cannot be understandd to most of the population. The research only includes one paediatric unit.This means that the study doesnt have cultural validity. As a result, we cannot generalise the findings of the study to lots of countries or areas of society. To achieve cultural validity, they shouldve used various paediatric units across the world. Another study looking into the food preferences of children was Desors study in 1973. Desor studied the facial expressions and sucking behaviour of new born babies. Desor ended up studying 83 different children from the ages of 4-7 (42 girls and 41 boys). The study was similar to Davis study, but the children were studied in a classified room after the children had acclimatised to their surroundings. They found that that the children preferred sweet-tasting substances which challenges what Daviss study had stated (children has an innate regulatory mechanism making them choose a healthy diet).This study doesnt have population validity, because the sample is not big enough to generalise the findings of the research to the general population. They should have advertised across the country, resulting in much more data. It also doesnt have cultural validity, because they only got Ps from the topi cal anesthetic area. This is known because they advertised for Ps in local newspapers. Therefore, the findings cannot be applied to people from other cultures. In conclusion, there is a way to explain food preferences as described in studies. For example, humans prefer sweet foods because of ancestors need for food with high levels of fructose or glucose like fruit (according to David 1928).

My Ideal Spouse

Marriage is the roughly important and difficult thing in ones life, so we look at to consume our life partner prudently. When I was a little girl, like galore(postnominal) other girls, I had dreams of marrying a prince riding a white horse on the green pasture and seek for perfect guy. After I grew up, I realized that it is not likely to happen. As I think of my ideal spouse, many traits and qualities come to my mind. Of many qualities, I am going to give 3 most important things that I would look for my ideal spouse. First of all, my spouse should be naive.Meaning of naive is ranging over a broad gamut, but what I mean is not to smoke, drink, etc. Nowadays many people especially the students are contaminated by hazardous things, such as smoking, drinking, watching AV However, I dont like smoking and drinking. Moreover, by smoking and drinking, peoples health will be undermined and they will more likely to make a mistake. One of my neighbors was divorced. One day, the patriarch of that family had a drinking party at the legal community and he had drunk a lot at there. He drank so much that he cannot control himself. One girl worked at the bar came to him and seduce him.Unfortunately, he couldnt resist to the allurement and made a big mistake. As a result, they meet divorce. Secondly, I would like to marry a man who is faithful. I want my spouse to make me trust him that he will love me forever. Trust between each other is an important thing, in one case a person back down on ones trust, its almost impossible to regain it. To friends, trust means friendship to maintain and wife, trust means marriage trust is kind of relationship. For example, one day, husband came back to home late than usual, so the wife asked him the reason. Then he answered that he had a meeting. The wife was relieved after she heard this.However, the wife rear the mark of lipstick on the shirts, smelled out fragrance of the womens perfume and found the name card of the barwoman in the pocket. She asked the husband again with those things, however, the husband was irrefutable. The trust between them was back down. They couldnt live happily after this incident. I have named several characteristics that I would like my spouse to have, but if there is one that is more important than the rest, the belief in Christianity. Religion is important for the one who believes it, so its very important to have a same religion with the life partner.Most of the Christian regard strong belief in Christianity as the most important element of choosing their spouse. I do QT(quiet time- get a message from god through reading a bible) almost both day. I have imagined sharing a message of god with husband every morning, just like my mother and father do every day. My mother roused my father from sleep at 6 oclock in the morning and had a washing up. Then, they sat in the sofa and did QT together. They lived a happy life every day. All in due time, Im not ready to get married yet, but I will find the man that is neighboring to my ideal spouse and live happily in the future.

Longxi Machinery Works – Case Analysis

LongXi Machinery Works Problem Statement LongXi is ge ard to increase its market shargon for clarified multi-cylinder diesel engines but the growing superior concern over convergenceion of critical parts is jeopardizing LongXis growth in the coarse sector market. keep quality issues with our DGS, a critical part within LongXis Small Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine has resulted in breakdown, engine failure and loss issue at several(prenominal)(prenominal) customers. Customer complaints are increasing and we need to react to and wipe out our quality concerns. We must develop ways to improve quality in house.Our QC concourse is well established therefore we are pressing that we collect and analyze data relative to why the DGS is failing and from that data collection, make improvement to correct the go on quality problems. Situation abstract Customer Relationship Customer relations for LongXi Machinery Works are highlighted in the companys background. We are iodine of several m edium sized companies that share 55 per cent of the market share not occupied by larger single-cylinder engine manufacturers. Our primary market is the agricultural machinery sector of China.Since our inception, our competitive priority was in manufacturing various single and multi-cylinder diesel engines. These engines served four primary customers. Due to changes in Chinas agricultural machinery sector that increased buying power, sales of diesel-powered agricultural machinery is seeing a ten percent continual growth over a five year period. Because of this growth, our sales estimate equate to 85 percent of the general 10 percent growth over the same five year period. The attached table shows a comparison to one of our primary competitors Changchou Diesel Engine Works (Changchai).As you can see from the comparison table, LongXi is a much smaller company to Changchai. Changchai is one of the four large manufacturers that account for 45 percent of the market and we are one of the several smaller companies that equate for the remaining 55 percent. Process Analysis Sawing Department The duo-gear shaft (DGS) is manufactured at LongXi using a batch manufacturing serve in which small quantities of parts are process at a time. The process flow for the DGS starts in the warehouse where raw stuff is sawed to the desired length. Three of six machines are used to prepare the raw material for the DGS. ground on the initial gradation in the process flow, using the six available machines will allow more parts to flow through the process which would increase operating cost, but would operatively conquer process time. This process change could help in reducing the general cost of the DGS unit. Machining Department The following(a) operation in the manufacturing process is the machining process. This process consists of Grinding, Lathe and Drilling machines. Only the lathes and the boring machines are used in this area of the machining department in the initial gra de of the machining process.The lathe process is the start process in the machining department. After the lathe process, parts are stacked on each operators tool box until the material handler moves them to the drilling operation. After each machining process the parts are transported via carts by a material handler to the next process. Typically, in other machining operations, the lathe and drilling process could be combined into one operation where the parts would be cut to length and the holes would be drilled using the same machine. This would require significant capital enthronisation by LongXi but it would reduce wait and transportation time between processes.This would also eliminate the need for operators to stack parts on their tool boxes. thermal Treatment Department The thermal treatment process is the most important process in respect to the overall quality of the DGS part. As stated, thermal treatment is needed to develop the proper hardness of the DGS after the init ial machining operations. With respect to the heat treatment process of the DGS, the DGS goes through a heat process where the part is heated to approximately 200c 300c for ten minutes. Workers were consequently expected to judge this process based on visual cues and overall time.Since this is the initial figure of the heat treatment process, it is important that the part is preheated to the correct temperature to maintain consistency throughout the remaining processes. Perhaps an automatic temperature sensor and timer can be added to the preheat furnace to indicate when the part is within the temperature range for the allotted time. This would eliminate the inconsistency of the workers perspicaciousness. Processing the DGS through the main furnace is set up to have the furnace oversee the heat pedal and times and then records them on a chart recorder.While this is good, the operator is once again asked to manually hold the parts until the cycle is complete. This again can in troduce inconsistency into the process. The indurate process is a very important step in the overall heat treatment process. This step is automated and electrically controlled. There is a ten minute wait time for each basket of parts between the quenching process and the tempering process. The DGS is then returned to the machining department a second time for grinding. This operation is a two shift operation utilizing one operator per shift.The attached Fishbone chart outlines accomplishable problems causes we are currently experiencing with the overall manufacturing process. In summary, the current process to manufacture the DGS is setup as a job shop where similar machines are assort together. Although this process creates flexibility with the way product flow through each operation, the manufacturing process for the DGS at LongXi can be improved significantly. We need to create a separate process to manufacture the DGS. One way to do so is to start by combining processes to el iminate non-value-added activities such as part remove between operations.The lathe and the drilling process can also be combined into one operation. Adding more automation for part transfer can also reduce NVA. As a result of combining processes, more floor space can be freed up for parts storage. Total case Management Quality review Quality management is a major part of the DGS manufacturing process. Approximately 130 quality inspectors are responsible for quality throughout the organization. Three types of review are done throughout each operation. Initial Inspection, Patrol Inspection and Final Inspection.This is an area of quality that needs to be turn to. Typically in manufacturing operations this amount of oversight at each operation is excessive and can lead to problems instead of solutions. With the workers taking responsibility for quality and having a final inspection at the end of each process seem enough for the DGS process. Customer Satisfaction In terms of cust omer satisfaction most of our quality inspection is done to satisfy our internal customers or upstream processes. Quality is built into the product after each operation where the process is not complete until a final inspection.This done to ensure that the next process/customer put one overs a quality part with the belief that our external customer will ultimately receive a quality product. We are still working on satisfying our customer in the agricultural market sector in some areas. We are producing a product that meets our customers specification, our product has value and we issue adequate support when we have an engine failure. However, in the areas of consistent quality and on-time delivery, we are overlooking and must improve. Employee InvolvementAlong with the other inspection processes within the departments, workers were also responsible for ensuring high quality production. A process called Self Inspection is used by workers to verify their own quality. Workers were a lso encouraged to use Mutual Inspection which meant that the quality of upstream operations was verified. Workers were also responsible for notifying quality inspectors to conduct other necessary inspections. Employee elaborateness is also active at LongXi through the formation of our QC base. This group is made up of Line Workers, Managers, and Engineers.The main emphasis of the QC Group was to focus on the metallurgical issues that might be causing the quality problems with the DGS. The QC Groups activities were guided by a manual called the manner. This manual gave direction on working routines, rules for quality improvement targets, and brainstorming techniques. Instructions for encouraging employee enthusiasm and customer suggestions were also included in the mode. We rely heavily on employee involvement as tools necessary to improve our overall product quality. We rely heavily on employee involvement in several ways.We have teams setup that establishes goals for marketing , production, profits and employee benefits. These goals are later translated into quotas which are distributed throughout the company and are analyzed monthly. To further implement and build upon the concept of employee involvement to improve overall product quality, each department within the company is viewed as a customer and efforts are being made to correct and eliminated product defects before it is passed on to the next customer. However, we must continue our efforts to improve overall quality.One immediate recommendation would be to continue the developing the Quality Group and the motivation/reward system that rewards employee involvement in quality improvements. There are significant gaps in training between the Quality Group members and the production line workers. Improving the reward system is also a significant improvement that needs to be addressed. intimately of our re-accruing quality problems are being generated from lack of motivation of production and technical personnel. A better or improved reward/motivation system will help that problem. Continuous ImprovementMost of LongXis continuous improvement efforts were driven by the overall goals of the SOE and the government of China, and demand for external customers. Most of the continuous improvement efforts were directed through the fulfillment of the Market, Management, Quality, Profit credo. The management team developed action plans in areas such as technological improvements, quality improvements, and new product introduction. The goals from the development of the action plans were then distributed throughout the company and each month, each department analyzed the actual versus what was planned.Continuous improvement is also being applied at LongXi such as Adding new assembly lines. New group processing centers. Implementing action plans for technological improvements, quality improvements and new product introduction. In Summary, we have made significant go to satisfy our custom ers, involve our employees and improve our product line but our overall product quality remains a major concern and the implementation of an overall quality system will be necessary to overcome this concern.Getting and keeping management involvement in the Quality Group is also a significant step forward in improving the current quality problem. Our management team will have to be more involved in driving and monitoring quality improvement goals especially at the production line worker level. This would ensure that overall production and quality issues are addressed and supported. Technical support continued to be inadequate at the production line worker level which is where the work is done to produce the DGS. Alternatives New Thermal Treatment Department Pro Con Focus on efficiency to improve quality Current production is hurting quality Capacity particular May not have space needed unless major improvements are made Complete automated process Significant investment Ne w machines quondam(a) equipment relied on human Judgment Outsource the production of the DGS Pro Con Focus on efficiency to improve quality Part is inexpensive act quality problems impacting future business Company location Eliminate harvest-tides Using the DGS Pro Con Focus on efficiency to improve quality Product is key to future sales Develop New Quality Process Pro Con Focus on efficiency to improve cost divergent way of operating business Focus on improving quality Time Better customer satisfaction Re-training all employees Decision and Action propose We do not recommend eliminating the production of the DGS. This part is a critical part used in all of the multi-cylinder engines that we produce. Eliminating this product would significantly hurt our overall business of producing and selling multi-cylinder engines. We do not recommend outsourcing production of the DGS.The part is relatively inexpensive and outsourcing the part would add significant cost the engine. Also, it is unclear that this would eliminate the quality problems. We recommend that we consider improvements to the Thermal Treatment department. The best solution would be to make the process 100% automated to eliminate any judgment or inconsistency on the part of the production workers. Although buying new machines would be an acceptable implementation for this decision, it would require less capital investment and provide consistency throughout the thermal treatment process. We recommend that improvements to the initial phase of the thermal treatment process be utilise first since that is the critical first step in establishing verall consistency throughout the process. Although we have made significant improvement and received several quality awards, we recommend that improvement be implemented to provide more technical support at the production line worker level. This would require more management involvement to make sure the res ponsibility individuals were placed on teams and included in workshops that could train and take information back to the production line. As far as long-range quality management, we recommend that in order to maintain our quality improvement efforts that we become ISO 9000 certified. This certification will validate our efforts and move us closer toward becoming a orb class company. Appendices COMPETITOR COMPARISON Changchai LongXi Production Volume 1. mil 86,900 Revenues 3 bil 176 mil % of export sales 8% % domestic sales 92% 85% profit 208 mil 6. 5 mil gross margin/unit 2. 6 bil vertical integration yes external partnership yes yes ISO 9000 yes no Technology investment yes yes Better Quality yes no pic

Alibaba Competing in China and Beyond

Case Alibaba Competing in China and Beyond Electric commerce (e-commerce) is the buying and selling of products or services over an electronic medium like the internet. The advantages of e-commerce are speedy transactions, less travel, low operational costs, ability to reach a large customer base, and round the clock buying and selling. Some of the disadvantages of e-commerce are the minimum amounts of customer to compevery interactions which leads to trust issues, e-commerce is prone to fraud and theft, and there is no guarantee on product quality.In a commercialize like China, its important to understand the local culture, values, the political government, and the language. The political government in China has a major impact on the Internet companies in China. It is important for e-commerce companies in China to understand how to successfully launch a Chinese language website or design a search engine that would display case the complex language. In order to gain an edge amongs t their competitors, international companies must seek break local help to understand the local culture and values, the language, the consumers, and how to skunk with the politics of the region.Alibaba, founded by Jack Ma, is a website which allows for buyers and sellers all over the globe to engage in electronic business transactions. Alibaba played a major mapping in bringing the Internet Revolution to China. Ma achieved this by allowing small and medium-size enterprises (SME) in China to bene mark from cross border trade through his website. Alibaba make their money from the 21 million users who paid annual subscriptions. Alibaba established itself when the Chinese Internet industry was still in its infancy.This was the perfect opportunity for e-commerce companies because of the lack of disputation. However, the competition that they did face were Global Sources and MeetChina, which were also launched in 1999. In order to gain a competitive advantage in the B2B market Aliba ba did not charge fees for any transaction. That was a strategy that critics were skeptical about. However, Alibaba built a customer base that would end up to be unrivaled. What do Alibaba so successful was its ability to rapidly adapt to current market trends in China.In the dotcom bubble burst Alibaba reformulated their strategy to concentrating on improving its business in China rather than focusing on global markets, they moved the headquarters back from Shanghai to Hangzhou, and they would concentrate on the richest regions in China. Foreign companies saw opportunity in Chinas expanding e-commerce market. One of those companies was US-based eBay Inc. , who entered China by acquiring stake in Shanghais EachNet. com for $30 million. Ma then launched Taobao to rival eBay in the Business to Consumer (B2C) and Consumer to Consumer (C2C) market.Again, Taobao employed the free concept strategy to attempt to configuration a consumer base by offering free listings on their website. A libaba also developed a promotional strategy for Taobao in which they advertised through online ads and billboards. Taobao also had a unique feature where users can e-mail and chat with each other onsite unlike their eBay counterparts who concealed sellers identity and only offered communications through offline messaging. Taobao also addressed the trust factor during online transactions between buyers and sellers by developing AliPay, similar to Paypal.The first mistake that eBay Inc. made was that they based their business strategy on the US business model. What works well in one region will not work in others. Ma quoted We knew that someday, eBay would come in our direction. indicating that Alibaba had through their research and they were prepared for the arrival of any potential rivals. After cornering 79% of the market shares in China, eBay soon found itself in fierce competition with Alibaba when Alibaba made quick marketing adjustments. Bay s other mistake was that they ente red China assuming that they dupe a global product. What they failed to realize is that the Taobao product was designed for the local consumer while eBays product was more product based, meaning they are more concerned with how to get more consumers to use their product rather than does this product fit the consumers wants and needs. eBay declined to drop their auction fees and failed to improve consumer interaction on their website to compete with Taobao. eBay should have focused more on the local strategies that other local business use.They could have done this if they were more consumer driven and aligned with the local environment. eBay should have went through the process of environmental scanning. They should have conducted an analysis of their current and potential competitors to find out what their goals and strategies are and what are their strengths and weaknesses. eBays lack of knowledge and ignorance of the local market left them unprepared for rapid change that local businesses employ. Foreign competitors fail to enter the Chinese market because they lack the nderstanding of the language, the culture, and they lack the ability to adapt rapidly to change. Foreign companies can address this issue by preparing a strategy for entry much(prenominal) as organize ways to enable fast communication and processes for quick business decision making. They should hire within the country to adopt the workers who have a understanding of the local culture and values. They should be prepared for change and learn to adapt with the local market trends and prepare a plan of action to defend faster.

Physiology Essay

heftinesss be responsible for all apprised and unconscious movement. It is how we move and react to an environment. there be three types of tendons in the clay include the gaunt strength, smooth muscle, and the cardiac muscle. Whether you atomic number 18 running play, walking, breathing, eating, sleeping, or typing it all involves some sort of muscle action. Muscle cells that shape, form, and outline the whole human skeleton is called a muscle qualitys. There are two types of muscle fibers event I ( tiresome-twitching fibers) and flake II ( fast-twitching fibers).The slow muscles are more efficient at employ oxygen to give way more give the sack (known as ATP) for continuous, extended muscle compressions over a hanker prison term. They fire more slowly than fast twitch fibers and can go for a long time before they plankigue. (Quiin, 2013) The slow-twitching fibers utilizes an oxidation energy system, or ability to contain more oxygen in creating furnish for the muscles, that allows long distance runners to finish a marathon as long as they can. In contrast, Type I muscle fiber is built more for endurance.Fast twitch fibers use anaerobiotic transfiguration to create fuel, they are much better at generating all of a sudden bursts of strength or speed than slow muscles. However, they fatigue more quickly. Fast twitch fibers generally produce the same amount of force per contraction as slow muscles, but they get their name because they are able to fire more rapidly. (Quiin, 2013) Fast-twitching muscles generate energy from the anaerobic energy system, allowing explosive movements for short amount of time before fatigue.Conclusively, Type II fibers are more for a sprinter or agility movements in periods of two or three minutes. To crush it rout more, there are two types of Type II muscle fibers Type IIa and Type IIb. Type IIa have both characteristics Type I and Type II fiber that consume both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. An d type IIb is more like fast-twitching fibers with its anaerobic energy requirements. When it comes to training certain muscles fiber types, e very(prenominal)body is more differently built with one muscle fiber than the other.Some are more of a 300-meter sprinter others are able to run endlessly. Training for a marathon requires a lot of long distance running training for a 400 meter shuttle sprint will require more short distance runs. No matter what the case is, the only way to improve carry finishedance is to keep running(a) on that area in return builds endurance for that muscle group. In relation to the previous paragraph, muscles require energy to perform. Depending on the muscle fiber type determines which energy system is apply.Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is energy that nominate muscle contraction possible. The energy systems consist of the ATP-PCr system, glycolysis system, and the oxidative system. The ATP-PCr system utilizes stored ATP for quick, explosive move ments such as releasing a powerful swing with a baseball bat. The glycolysis system provides energy for activities of slightly seven-day duration and lower intensity like strength training. (Hefferman, 2012) And the oxidative system is used for physical activities that perform for a longer period of time, requiring more oxygen.The first two energy systems are anaerobic, while the third base one is aerobic. What all of these systems have in common is they must consume glucose. Glucose is a form of fuel that comes from the foods we eat. Glucose store in the muscles and liver is called glycogen. When the body and muscles need energy, the glycogen goes through glycolysis in which is broken down to, once again, glucose. Performing an exercise requires the fuel for the contracting muscles. How does the muscle contract? Reason to contract muscle can be with and without conscious.On a segment or bundle of muscles are controlled by a nerve cell in the nervous system. The neuron is made u p a cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites. The neuron is referred to as an excitable tissue that transmits signals into nerve impulses. A nerve impulse is an electrical signal that travels along an axon. There is an electrical difference in the midst of the inside of the axon and its surroundings, like a tiny battery. When the nerve is activated, there is a sudden change in the voltage across the wall of the axon, caused by the movement of ions in and out of the neuron. (What are nerve impulses)From contracting muscles to maintaining normal cellular functions, the body requires fuel for energy. Fuel, or calories, is what our body does to metabolize energy. To obtain this fuel, we consume food. Foods we eat made up nutrients and fuel substrates consisting of fat, protein, carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, when broken down, create glucose that is for energy or stored, turns into glycogen, when not in immediate use. Fat is broken down to triglycerides to be used for metabolic energy, and stored as fat when not in immediate use.Protein breaks down into a form of amino acids when used for energy. Carbohydrates and fat are mainly used for all metabolic needs to generate ATP protein, in a form of amino acids, goes through lipogenesis for cellular energy needs. In event where all fat and carbohydrates are depleted, protein is a last resort for ATP. If you ever noticed on a nutrition cross out printed on a bag or box of food, sometimes you can see the amount of calories per thou that each substrate has.Carbohydrates and protein stores about four calories per gram, whereas fat contains nine calories per gram this is one advantage of devour fat than carbohydrates. Another advantage is fat (triglycerides) can be stored as fat, while carbohydrates require piddle to form into glycogen for store this results into water retention (water weight). Disadvantage of fat would be converting into energy (glucose), whereas carbohydrates (glucose) are already broken down and ready t o be utilized. This is a reason why marathon runners carb level days prior the event.Injunction to the first paragraph, the heart is made up of the cardiac muscle. One of the most inwrought parts of the cardiovascular system, the heart pumps the blood throughout the body transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells. The heart is a very complex organ that consists of four cavities, or open spaces, inside the heart that fill with blood. Two of these cavities are called atria. The other two are called ventricles. The two atria form the curved top of the heart. The ventricles meet at the seat of the heart to form a pointed base which points toward the left side of your chest.The left ventricle contracts most forcefully, so you can best feel your heart pumping on the left side of your chest. (Unysis) So, the heart pushes the red, oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the left side of the heart to the rest of the body. As the blood pumps, it delivers the oxygen and flows back to the heart and through the lungs to drop off carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen. To prevent back flow, hearts inherent structures comprises of valves that open and close with every pump of blood. Another essential part of the cardiovascular is blood.Blood is a still containing red blood cells, plasma, antibodies, hormones, enzymes, and nutrients. The purpose of blood consist of transporting oxygen to cells of the body, carry out waste such as carbon dioxide, maintain normal body temperature, and regulate pH levels and hormones. Blood travels through serial publication of vessels. These include arteries (rich-oxygen blood leaving the heart to cells), veins (poor-oxygen blood leaving from the cells through the heart and to the lungs), and capillaries (blood vessel that connects between the veins and arteries). Blood is the life source to sustain life and maintain cellular functions.