Essay Star Trek the Next Generation “the Measure of a Man”

Based on my reading of Hasker (1983), I believe the view of the mind or body problem that was exhibited by Piccard in the synopsis from Star Trek: The Next Generation was the Dualism view. Picard stated that, â€Å"Data has rights among them the right to refuse to undergo an experimental procedure such as this.† Here, Picard ascribes both physical and mental attributes to the robot (Data). This view correlates to Hasker (1983) statement that, â€Å"Dualism begins by taking quite seriously the fact that human beings have both physical properties and mental properties†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 65). Hasker (1983) further indicates that even though the mind and body are different, they are not detached, but continuously interacting (Dualism Interactionism), which is†¦show more content†¦Additionally, this answers the Judge’s (JAG) question as to whether or not Data had a soul and even if she has a soul. Since, God did not breathe into the nostrils of robots, they are not living souls, and we are not obligated to treat machines â€Å"ethically.† On this basis, I do not agree with the Judge’s decision. Likewise, Maddox was justified in his claims that Picard was being â€Å"irrational and emotional† as Data had no soul and, therefore, could not be murdered. Furthermore, I will not rule out the possibility that artificial intelligence will someday be possible, as we use several technologies today that were once believed to be impossible. Also, according to the director of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT, Rodney (1990), it is not a question of if they can, but rather when they will build self-reproducing intelligent robots. However, even if mankind can create artificial intelligence, the robots will be unable to create their own worldview as humans, as they will be subject to the software developer’s programming and they will have no soul. In conclusion, I would address this area with utmost caution and reverence, for, as Scripture says, mankind was †¦fearfully and wonderfully made (Psalms 139:14 NIV). References Hasker, W. (1983). Metaphysics: Constructing a World View. (1st ed.). Downers Grove: IL: InterVarsity Press. Rodney A. B. (1990)Show MoreRelatedAndroids and the Mind-Body Problem 644 Words   |  3 PagesThe Star Trek: The Next Generation episode â€Å"The Measure of a Man† makes a compelling argument on androids and the mind/body problem. The episode is about Lt. Commander Data who is an android who acts identically to human behavior. Data is put on trial to find out if he should have human rights or if he is considered property of Starfleet. The episode makes interesting points as to what qualifies a person of having a mind and soul. William Hasker uses multiple categories to list out the differentRead MoreRelationship Between Language And Culture1596 Words   |  7 Pagescultural evolutionism, and Franz Boas theory on the approach of linguistic and culture study. In addition, I would also be mentioning the encounter, translation and method from the article â€Å"Shakespeare in the Bush† by Bohannan, Laura and the episode of Star Trek â€Å"Darmok†. Culture refers to values, norms, and beliefs. Our culture is seen through the lens of how we experience the world and how we develop in. Thereby people use language to response to cultural needs. The Impact of language in culture was firstRead MoreEssay on Captain Picard: Is He a Good Leader?1749 Words   |  7 PagesCaptain Picard: Is He a Good Leader? In Star Trek the Next Generation : The Defector, does Captain Picard prove himself to be a good leader? In trying to answer this question, I thought Well, what makes a good leader? Who do we (the general public) consider to be good leaders? The most obvious choices popped into my head: President of the United States, Congress Representatives, CEOs of large companies. But after considering these leaders, I did not see how Picard compared to them. AfterRead MoreThe Space Of Space Exploration2152 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"That s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind†. Neil Armstrong s 1969 lunar landing was one of humanity s greatest accomplishments. Since then, we have found that an infinite supply of knowledge and resources await us just outside our atmosphere. Today, however, critics are beginning to argue more and more that the cost of space exploration is too high, and therefore new technological developments should be left to the private sector rather tha n the taxpayers pockets. Some feelRead MoreDemocratic Leadership Style With Your Best Judgment Essay3553 Words   |  15 Pagesappropriate and most effective really has to do with the culture practices. Cultural factor which influenced my leadership are as follows – Being a multicultural worker - Cultural sensitivity is likewise essential in light of the fact that it helps a man turn into a multicultural labourer. Such an Individual is persuaded, to the point that all societies are similarly great and appreciate finding out about different societies. Multicultural employees and pioneers are normally individuals who have beenRead MoreProduct Placement10682 Words   |  43 Pagesthe 1920s, the weekly trade periodical Harrisons Reports published its first denunciation of that practice with respect to Red Crown gasoline appearing in the comedy film The Garage (1919), directed by and co-starring Fatty Arbuckle.[13] During the next four decades, Harrisons Reports frequently cited cases of on-screen brand-name products,[14] always condemning the practice as harmful to movie theaters. Publisher P. S. Harrison’s editorials strongly reflected his feelings against product placementRead MoreProduct Placement10670 Words   |  43 Pagesthe 1920s, the weekly trade periodical Harrisons Reports published its first denunciation of that practice with respect to Red Crown gasoline appearing in the comedy film The Garage (1919), directed by and co-starring Fatty Arbuckle.[13] During the next four decades, Harrisons Reports frequently cited cases of on-screen brand-name products,[14] always condemning the practice as harmful to movie theaters. Publisher P. S. Harrison’s editorials strongly reflected his feelings against product placementRead MoreARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE6331 Words   |  26 Pagesbut the man was not happy with the models that only looked like him. He had a strong desire to make the model ‘intelligent’, so that it could act and think as he did. This, however, was a much more complex task than what he had done before. So, he took millions of years to construct an ‘analytical engine’ that could perform a little arithmetic mechanically. Babbage’s analytical engine was the first significant success in the modern era of computing. Computers of the first generation, which wereRead MoreAllegory of the Cave Plato6021 Words   |  25 Pageslearn through dialectic reasoning and open-mindedness. Humans had to travel from the visible realm of image-making and objects of sense to the intelligible or invisible realm of reasoning and understanding. The Allegory of the Cave symbolizes this trek and how it would look to those still in a lower realm. Plato is saying that humans are all prisoners and that the tangible world is our cave. The things which we perceive as real are actually just shadows on a wall. Just as the escaped prisoner ascendsRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pagesto begin work on the introduction after you have completed a rough draft of the body of your paper. Many find the task of writing an introduction perplexing, wondering why they should write something once if they are planning to say it again in the next paragraph. After all, novels do not have ponderous openi ng paragraphs which explain what is going to happen in advance. But the introduction is not a disposable redundancy; it is a crucial component of the essay. An essay is an exploration of an idea

The Organizational Structure And Performance - 1674 Words

Operant conditioning Learning occurs from a consequence of the behavior leading to operant conditioning. The major consideration is in influence of workers behavior through reinforcing important principles. Motivation is an internal cause of behavior that leads to satisfaction as an external cause (Walle, 2009). This is after a positive consequence following an organizational performance or production. Positive reinforcement covers anything that increases strength and response and includes thing such as bonuses, raises and promotion and more importantly encouragement or praise. The essence of having reinforcement helps in measuring modifications of behavioral that takes place. Organizations structures have an effect employee satisfaction hence production and performance. Despite this, the relationship between the structure and performance are experienced through different channels in work place (Edmans, Li, Zhang, 2014). This leads to evaluate through the organizational structure to performance of the firm through satisfaction of employees. The interests are connected to evaluation of problems of firms through the staffs and finally the performance results. In this study, it helps in identification of current problems that firms are facing in reflection of the structural organization. Involvement of the staffs in various aspects, introduces the motivational approach structure through which problems are solved. The influence of organization structure to the performanceShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Structure And Culture Impact On The Performance Of The Business2025 Words   |  9 PagesTask 1 Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture (1.1) Explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can Impact on the performance of the business (1.2) Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work (1.3) Task 2 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership style in different organisations (2.1) Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management (2.2) Evaluate the different approaches to managementRead MoreThe Effects of Organizational Structure, Culture and Management Style on the Performance of a Business956 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Organizational Structure, Culture and Management Style on the Performance of a Business J-Sainsburys is a hierarchical organisation. The hierarchal structure starts from the Chairman (non-executive) and deputy chairman are at the highest level in the hierarchical and the rest come under them level by level, depending on the job. To reduce communication problems for Sainsburys they can set up special systems to improve flow of information. One of SainsburysRead MoreHow Organizational Structure And Culture Affect On The Performance Of A Business3611 Words   |  15 Pagesopportunity to present evidence that shows you are able to: Task no. 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The factors are integrated, such that a change in one factor will have an effect on all of the other factors. TheRead MoreInvestigate The Extent To Which The Purpose, Structure1246 Words   |  5 PagesINVESTIGATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE PURPOSE, STRUCTURE AND CULTURE OF YOUR ORGANIZATION AFFECTS YOUR BEHAVIOR AT WORK. This report will Talk the extent to which the purpose, structure, and culture of an organisation effects its employee’s behaviour within the workplace. The way McDonald’s Corporation is structured and how this impacts individual workplace performance and the influence of McDonald’s organisational culture on my own working practices, as well as the effects of the above in supportingRead MoreOrganizational Structure Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesTo: MG 561 Class From: Jessica Rushing Subject: â€Å"Organizational Structure† Introduction: Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organization. In this memo, I willRead MoreOrganization Management1145 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction Organizational change and adjustments are usually carried out in order to improve the performance of different departments within the organization or its subsidiaries. While carrying out these changes, it is crucial that the concept of fairness be emphasized within the environment of the balanced scorecard while the performance of the various departments should appraised and appropriately measured (Aryani,2009).This work is about a small UK company acquired by a larger US companyRead MoreOrganizations Are Developing Very Quickly And Touching1341 Words   |  6 Pagesat the global level the crucial elements which play a significant role are organizational cultural system and the organization structure. The employees working in the organization must be given freedom where they can express their views as the organization consists of people from different countries by taking this step it would be helpful for the organization to create an efficient cultural system. Organizational structu re is the gathering of employees to fulfill the work. It builds up connectionsRead MoreHr Container Store1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe Container Store: Introduction: Organizational structure, culture and behavior affect the people at the work. They are co-related. The structure of organization is very important because it affects on operating costs, efficiency and effectiveness of work performance, behavior and performance of employees and speed of operations of an organization. ‘Who is responsible for what’, it depends upon structure of the organization. Each of employees of the organization has capacity to be a leaderRead MoreOrganizational Structures And Organizational Cultures For Different Organizations Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pagesreport of assignment ‘Organization and Behaviour’ deals with the comparison of various different kinds of organizational structures and organizational cultures for different organizations. In addition, the task takes into account the impact of the culture and the structure of organization on the functions and operation of business. However, the various factors which influence the indiv idual performance and behaviour at work is also given emphasis in this part of the report. The second task of the assignment

Norman Morrison and The Things They Carried Free Essays

War has such a violent nature that it has affected many individuals in many different ways. The most obvious of these is through the lives of the soldiers who experience it first-hand. However, even those who simply follow its progress and who have empathy for those in the wake of such mass slaughter are affected by the event. We will write a custom essay sample on Norman Morrison and The Things They Carried or any similar topic only for you Order Now Because of the savageness in war and the resulting psychological and emotional effects of this experience on such war-ravaged men, many writers have tried to tackle the subject. Norman Morrison and The Things They Carried are two literary pieces that have reflected the gravity of warfare and its impact on men who have struggled with its violence. Tim O’Brien and Adrian Mitchell wrote pieces that resounded with their views on war. Both employed the use of the lives of their characters to get a point across to their readers. War is terrible. Its effects echo on in an individual’s life and the images of the terror of war is eternally implanted in the lives of those who survive it. â€Å"He was a slim, dead, almost dainty young man of about twenty. He lay with one leg bent beneath him, his jaw in his throat, his face neither expressive nor inexpressive. One eye was shut. The other was a star-shaped hole.† (O’Brien, 1998) The drive of both pieces is to show the effect of the deaths of those considered to be the â€Å"enemy† on those involved in the war. War is not indiscriminate hate but indiscriminate killing and both writers condemn these violent acts through their words. O’Brien (1998) shows this clearly through The Man I Killed while Mitchell (1997) does so through the life of a man, Norman Morrison, who fought the war every day in his heart, at home. The two works are very comprehensive in sharing with the reader the experience of the war and the experience of life after the war. Although the actions of these individual’s are clearly a result of psychological disorders, Tim O’Brien and Adrian Mitchell give their audience a look into the mindsets of those who are actually experiencing these events. It is not a trip into the mind of disturbed individuals who have lost control of themselves but rather it is a clear view into the life of someone who has experienced darkness and terror and who cannot, for the life of him, resolve it with the comforts and peace that he once knew. â€Å"All that peace, man, it felt so good it hurt. I want to hurt it back.† (O’Brien, 1998) Norman Morrison was a completely new aspect of the war that no one was prepared to see. Although the war’s effects on the soldiers were already clear, its effects on those left â€Å"at home† was not. Yes, there were those actively voicing out their concerns about the events, denouncing the war and demanding a stop to the violence, but how far did it go? How far did their empathy for those involved in the war go? Mitchell (1997) answers this for us, â€Å"He simply burned away his clothes, his passport, his pink-tinted skin, put on a new skin of flame and became Vietnamese.† Thus war became not only about those on foreign shores, not only about those holding the guns and the ammunitions. It became something more palpable. It became about everyone who was part of the countries at war. It became about the victims in the country where the war was happening and about those from the opposite country who felt not only for their own soldiers but also for the â€Å"innocent† victims. In conclusion, it can be said that both literary pieces spoke of war. Both presented it through the lives of individuals who were involved in the war. This involvement was broad and included all of those who empathized with the events involved in war and those whose lives were directly affected by the violence. The tragic deaths of those in the path of the savage war were the tipping point that drove many individuals to the brink. References O’Brien, T. (1998). The things they carried. New York: Broadway Books Mitchell, A. (1997) Norman Morrison. In Out Loud. London: W.H. Allen Publishers How to cite Norman Morrison and The Things They Carried, Essay examples

Communalism and Politics in India free essay sample

The Executive Committee is headed by Jorgen Buhl Rasmusen since 2007. He was appointed to the Executive Board of Carlsberg A/S in 2006 and is the Chairman, Deputy Chairman or member of the Supervisory Boards of Carlsberg Group companies. 16 www. carlsberggroup. com (Company – Management) 15 Strategic and Financial Valuation of Carlsberg A/S The Deputy CEO is Jorn P. Jensen. He was appointed to the Executive Board of Carlsberg A/S in 2000. He has been CFO since 2004 and Deputy CEO since 2007. He sits as Chairman, Deputy Chairman or member of the Supervisory Boards of Carlsberg Group companies. The role of the Executive Committee is to drive Carlsberg? s strategic development and ensure that there are clear objectives across the organization. 2. 5 Strategy17 The Carlsberg Group is characterized by a high degree of diversity of brands, markets and cultures. The Group? s strategy aims at embracing the three regions the company operates and competes in. We will write a custom essay sample on Communalism and Politics in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Group? s overall strategy and ambition is to be the fastest growing global beer company – measured in terms of average organic growth in net sales and growth in operating profit over a three year period. The overall strategy is identical in all of the three regions but is adapted to each region in order to reflect local conditions. In order to achieve this goal the company has identified five closely linked core priorities providing a clear direction for the entire Company. In each of those five core priorities there are certain guidelines which will be described below. People: Carlsberg aims at recruiting and retaining talent and to continuously develop the ompetences of the work force, driving a performance culture and to inspire a leadership culture based on trust, ownership and diversity. Efficiency: Carlsberg aims at improving efficiency and adjusting and optimizing costs in all markets by concentrating more activities in fewer locations to benefit from economies of scale as well as 17 Annual report (2010, p. 22 – p. 29) 16 Strategic and Financial Valuation of Carlsberg A/S optimizing and simplifying its product portfolio by aligning packaging strategy for more markets wh ich leads to more flexibility and reduced costs. Structure and society: Carlsberg aims at being a significant player, either as a market leader or as a strong number two, in the markets they choose to compete in and balance the presence between growth and mature markets. They aim at sharing best practice between all markets and induce and integrate Corporate Social Responsibility throughout the whole value chain. Products and innovation: The core competences of Carlsberg are within cereals/grain, yeast, fermentation and brewing and as such Carlsberg drives its growth by innovating and producing primarily beer. Consumers and customers: Carlsberg? aim is to revitalize Carlsberg and grow through a winning portfolio of international premium and strong local brands and to excel in all commercial areas with an emphasis on route-to-market and superior outlet execution.

Leonardo Da Vinci 2000-07-02 Essays - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci 2000-07-02 Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the greatest and most ingenious men that history has produced. His contributions in the areas of art, science, and humanity are still among the most important that a single man has put forth, definitely making his a life worth knowing. Da Vinci, born on April 15, 1452, is credited with being a master painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist. He was born an illegitimate child to Catherina, a peasant girl. His father was Ser Piero da Vinci, a public notary for the city of Florence, Italy. For the first four years of his life he lived with his mother in the small village of Vinci, directly outside of the great center of the Renaissance, Florence. Catherina was a poor woman, with possible artistic talent, the genetic basis of Leonardo's talents. Upon the realization of Leonardo's potential, his father took the boy to live with him and his wife in Florence (Why did). This was the start of the boy's education and his quest for knowledge. Leonardo was recognized by many to be a Renaissance child because of his many talents. As a boy, Leonardo was described as being handsome, strong, and agile. He had keen powers of observation, an imagination, and the ability to detach himself from the world around him. At an early age Leonardo became interested in subjects such as botany, geology, animals (specifically birds), the motion of water, and shadows (About Leonardo). At the age of 17, in about 1469, Leonardo was apprenticed as a garzone (studio boy) to Andrea del Verrocchio, the leading Florentine painter and sculptor of his day. In Verrocchio's workshop Leonardo was introduced to many techniques, from the painting of altarpieces and panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects in marble and bronze. In 1472 he was accepted in the painter's guild of Florence, and worked there for about six years. While there, Leonardo often painted portions of Verrocchio's paintings for him, such as the background and the kneeling angel on the left in the Baptism of Christ (Encarta). Leonardo's sections of the painting have soft shadings, with shadows concealing the edges. These areas are distinguished easily against the sharply defined figures and objects of Verrocchio, that reflect the style called Early Renaissance. Leonardo's more graceful approach marked the beginning of the High Renaissance. However, this style did not become more popular in Italy for another 25 year (Gilbert 46). Leonardo actually started the popularization of this style. For this reason Leonardo could be called the Father of the High Renaissance. Leonardo's leading skills emerged through his paintings and his techniques. Leonardo's talents soon drew him away from the Guild and in 1472 Leonardo finished his first complete painting, Annunciation. In 1478 Leonardo reached the title of an Independent Master. His first large painting, The Adoration of the Magi (begun in 1481), which was left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the Monastery of San Donato a Scopeto, Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the Benois Madonna (1478), the portrait Ginevra de' Benci (1474), and the unfinished Saint Jerome (1481). Leonardo expanded his skills to other branches of interest and in 1481 Leonardo wrote an astonishing letter to the Duke of Milan, Ludovico Sforza. In this letter he stated that he knew how to build portable bridges; that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons; that he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults, and other war machines; and that he could execute sculpture in marble, bronze, and clay. Thus, he entered the service of the Duke in 1482, working on Ludovico's castle, organizing festivals, and he became recognized as an expert in military engineering and arms. Under the Duke, Leonardo served many positions. He served as principal engineer in the Duke's numerous military enterprises and was active as an architect (Encarta). As a military engineer Leonardo designed artillery and planned the diversion of rivers. He also improved many inventions that were already in use such as the rope ladder. Leonardo also drew pictures of an armored tank hundreds of years ahead of its time. His concept failed because the tank was too heavy to be mobile and the hand cranks he designed were not strong enough to support such a vehicle. As a civil engineer, he designed revolving stages for pageants. As a sculptor he planned a huge monument of the Duke's father mounted up on a

Quotation Marks and Apostrophe S

Quotation Marks and Apostrophe S Quotation Marks and Apostrophe S Quotation Marks and Apostrophe S By Maeve Maddox Aika asks: how do I properly sequence s and punctuation marks? As I can’t think of any example of beginning a quotation with a disembodied ‘s, I’ll offer this guideline from the Chicago Manual of Style: . . . A term enclosed in quotation marks . . . should never be made into a possessive. 7.30 For example, you can write the Atlantic Monthly’s editor or Gone With the Wind’s admirers because the titles taking the possessive are italicized. You may not, however, do the same thing with the title of a short work such as â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn.† Titles of short works are enclosed in quotation marks. You would have to rearrange your phrasing so as not to have: â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s admirers. You’d rephrase it as admirers of â€Å"Ode on a Grecian Urn.† Here is a related entrance on Chicago: Q. When indicating possession of a word that ends in s, is it correct to repeat the s after using an apostrophe? For example, which is correct: â€Å"Dickens’ novel† or â€Å"Dickens’s novel†? A. Either is correct, though we prefer the latter. Please consult 7.15–18 for a full discussion of the rules for forming the possessive of proper nouns. For a discussion of the alternative practice of simply adding an apostrophe to form the possessive of proper nouns ending in s, see paragraph 7.21. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Creative Writing 10110 Techniques for More Precise WritingContinue and "Continue on"

How Did Europeans Profit from the Opium Trade in China Essay

How Did Europeans Profit from the Opium Trade in China - Essay Example Still, Europeans were not allowed to import opium directly into China. As a means of circumventing these trade restrictions and gaining profit, the British had to devise elaborate means of importing opium. In these regards, Europeans would be tea in Canton and use opium that would be smuggled in on British ships to pay for the opium (Fairbank). The high value tea had in Europe resulted in opium functioning as a useful means of gaining profit. In the early 19th century the Chinese ban of trading this commodity was lifted (Waley). Still, a number of years later further restrictions would be placed on this commodity exchange. During this period the then current Chinese dynasty had undergone a shift towards Confucianism, resulting in the restriction of European import of opium (Waley). These restrictions would result in threats to European profits on opium trade in China. As a means of continuing to profit on opium, the British would ultimately involve themselves in the First and Second Opium Wars with China. These wars would result in the opening of British trade of opium into China. 2. How did nationalism serve the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats rather than those of the general population, especially as more people were allowed to vote and hold public office? To a large degree, nationalism served the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats rather than the general population. Nationalism emerged during the early 19th century as statesmen in France sought means of uniting a populace in revolution (Leoussi). During the French Revolution nationalism these statesmen were able to implement nationalistic impulses as a means of inciting riots and elevating their political power (Hobsbawm). With the subsequent shifts in government these individuals assumed control under these nationalistic tendencies, ultimately using this political strategy as much for personal gain as public interest (Hobsbawm). The American Revolution was even clearer in its implementation of nationalis m as a means of advancing the interests of statesmen (Leoussi). In these regards, businessmen and bureaucrats with significant that faced significant economic or political gain in establishing independence from Great Britain implemented nationalism as a means of uniting the populace (Hobsbawm). This period of American history had seen a great amount of public debate over independence with loyalists and patriots debating the opposing positions (Leoussi). In this climate, individuals such as Thomas Paine through his ‘Common Sense’ pamphlets were able to incite the public through nationalistic tendencies as a means of gaining increased public attention or political power. With the increasing amount of nations that shifted to democratic structures allowing people to vote and hold public office the impacts of nationalism as advancing the needs of statesmen and bureaucrats became even more pronounced. This is because the democratic structure opened itself more thoroughly to s tatesman achieving political power through igniting nationalistic impulses in the voting populace. 3. What were the goals and principles of the Congress of Vienna? How did delegates from the great powers respond to the grievances of their people? There were a number of goals and principles of the Congress of Vienna. From an overarching perspective the Congress of Vienna functioned as a means of European states to address many of the complex issues that had

Paying for College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paying for College - Essay Example There are some people who believe that though college expenses is one of the largest disbursement in a person’s life span, it should be treated as an investment which will give better income, extended career prospects and higher personal contentment as returns throughout one’s life. However, this investment is only possible at a minimum cost therefore, it is necessary to reduce college expenditure. My goal, in this paper, is to establish the point that reduction of college expenditure is absolutely indispensable. To achieve this goal, I have put forward the various reasons for reducing college expenditure in five different sections. In the first section, I have discussed about the negative impact of the debt burden on the parents and students who take loans to pay for higher education because of which reducing cost of education becomes necessary. The second section tells us how this high cost is affecting parents of all classes in the society which makes minimization of higher education costs urgent. In the third section, I have thrown light upon the fact that the high cost of education has made it inaccessible to most of the undergraduates in U.S. which in turn, is creating a deficiency in the workforce of the country. I have ended the paper with the fourth section in which I have discussed how reduction of high costs of college education will make U.S. competitive in the global economy. I have concluded with the fifth section where I have uphold the point that reduction of college education cost is deemed necessary and discussed, in brief, the steps which colleges and the federal government should undertake to reduce the high cost of higher education. However, before discussing these five sections, I would like to put forward the statistical trends of the increase in cost of higher education in recent years. STATISTICAL TRENDS The tuition fees of colleges and universities have been increasing four times faster than the inflation rate (see Fig. 1 ). The cost of educating has soared 439% since 1982 for colleges. The average tuition and fees is around $20,000 annually at a public four year college and it is nearly $30,000- $35, 000 at a private college (Chaudhari). Moreover, it has been predicted that the cost will rise as high as $ 1, 25,000 for a public college and $ 2, 50,000 for a private college by 2015. On an average, families shell out $64 billion annually to send 13.9 million students to public colleges and universities (Immerwahr). According to Rampbell, on an average parents pay for around 37% of the total cost of attending colleges from their savings and income, around 10% of the cost is arranged through borrowing by parents and rest of the expenses are borne by the students themselves or by taking financial aids. Fig. 1 College Tuition and Fees vs. Overall Inflation Debt Burden. There have been recent debates on whether college education should be reduced or not. According to me, it should be reduced because studen ts who study with borrowed money have to face lot of difficulty in paying it back in the long term, though there are some fortunate ones who get grants and scholarships (Chaudhari). There is great concern over the amount of debt students have to take for higher education, though some people argue that financial aids are easily available and payable for students who are willing to

Conflict of interest Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conflict of interest - Case Study Example Most of the cases that are brought to the surface are of corruption, bribery, and money laundering. Despite the fact that these issues are worth concerning, but the conflict of interest that is exhibited by these institutions behind the scene and during interrogation phase is gross and vulgar (Hines & Reserve, 2014). Moreover, these acts not only violate the Charter of Human Rights, but it also disobeys the various international treaties, international law, and etc. Conflict of interest is a phenomenon that deals with the abuse of power, where public rights are compromised in order to obtain private gain. Everywhere all across the government and non-government organization one can find several examples of the officials who abuse their authority and position for obtain personal benefits. Conflict refers to disagreement, this disagreement can be on various levels, for instance it can be on the basis of violation of organization’s policy, it may be a disagreement in principle, or disagreement in practice and etc. Conflict of interest can also be dealt as an act of corruption, because it is the violation of trust, and misuse of a power entrusted to an official on a higher rank who is supposed to use the power for public security instead of personal profit. The case of Captain James CoBell is yet another example of a military official crossing his limits, and using his influence for satisfying his pleasure. CoBell was assigned the command of the fleet readiness commander Mid-Atlantic in 2011. In a press release by Naval Air System Command, quotes the investigation, by Commander, Fleet Readiness Centers "misused his position in using subordinates for personal favors, used abusive language toward his personnel and failed to properly account for personal leave," (Stewart, 2012). However, in response to the charges laid upon him, CoBell said that his tenure as Executive and commanding officer did not have any element

Effect Of Design On Paper Plane

Effect Of Design On Paper Plane I have decided to write my extended essay on this topic because this activity of flying paper planes was taught to us in our childhood when we were not mature enough to learn the principles of science and investigate and apply them to these planes. But what caught my interest was that how do paper airplanes of such light weights can maintain their flight and speed even while facing winds and other external factors. Firstly, I had decided to write my essay based on the principles used in these planes, but my supervisor guided me that it was too broad and thus, I narrowed down my topic to- To investigate the difference in the flight of the paper planes and the distance covered by it due to the shape, mass and design of the paper planes. Introduction: Paper airplanes are a source of fun and entertainment for many people while they can also be used as a part of learning and gaining some amount of knowledge about the real aeroplanes. Some people have also named this activity as an art named aerogami which derives from the name origami (a Japanese art of paper folding). But, this so called entertaining and competitive activity has a lot of science especially physics related to it as we can associate with different laws of aerodynamics and motion. Paper airplanes have designs ranging from simple planes for kids to competitive and complex ones like moth, tumbler, spike and many more to mention. As kids, we never used to think about these principles and designs that are associated with every part of paper planes from its formation to its flight. But, as a science student, I have got an opportunity to explore the various aerodynamic principles and get a deeper knowledge about the physics of paper planes. History: The history of paper planes is not quite specific as there have been many people who have contributed their theories in this field. Da Vinci who was a famous Italian personality is often regarded as the inventor of paper airplanes while some have the belief that Chinese people are the real makers of this art as they were the ones who invented paper and kites. The modern paper planes saw their creation in the year 1909 while its acceptance was seen in after two decades in the year 1930 by John Northrop. Actually, Northrop tried these designs in order to test the real principles of flying aircrafts. From the early centuries till the current years, there have been many changes and corrections made in the structure of paper planes such as in their shape, style, fashion and lift. Thus, the paper airplanes have seen a lot of modifications in their shape and principles over these years and this credit goes to each and every person who has contributed to it though the history is not quite fa mous or known. Aerodynamics and Paper Airplanes: Aerodynamics is referred to as the branch of mechanics that deals with the motion of air and other gases and with the effects of such motion on bodies in the medium. Aero planes and helicopters follow the principles and theorems of this study of science and this is the case in the working of the paper plane models. The various principles that are used in this study and more specifically in the working of paper planes are drag, lift, flight, thrust, weight and velocity. But I will be concentrating more on the flight of these paper planes in regard with my topic. Lift, thrust, weight (gravity) and drag are the four important factors in the working and the distance covered by paper airplanes. Thrust- Thrust is the force on the horizontal left hand side of the paper airplane which decides the flight of the paper plane and this force comes from the strength of the pilot (in this case the person throwing or flying the paper plane). While taking flight, this altitude is converted into forward motion, which results in the proper flight of the airplane. Lift- Lift is another force on the vertical upper hand side of the paper airplane. Usually, the air below the wing of the airplane push the air on the upper side and the air above the wing push the air on the lower direction. At this point when the lower air pressure is much harder than the upper one, then the airplane is able to fly. And also the wings of the airplane are curved which allows the air to move over the top more quickly, thus resulting in lift or upward push. Drag- Drag is the force that is present in the horizontal right hand side of the paper airplane which allows or decides the maximum distance of any paper airplane. A plane is said to have a lot of drag when the plane pushes a lot of air, in which the paper airplane does not fly more distance. But when the drag is as low as possible the plane is able to cover more distance due to the low amount of air pressure in the horizontal direction. Drag can be compared to the friction present on the surface when any object is moving. Weight (gravity) Weight or gravity is the force that covers the vertical lower hand side of the paper airplane. The airplanes weight must also be less so that it can fight the attraction of gravitation and thus, the plane will be able to fly more distance in the air. The greater the weight, the more the attraction and the lesser the distance covered. Thus, these are the four crucial principles that have to be observed for any paper airplane to fly in the air. But, are only these principles responsible for the flight of the airplane? Are there any other factors that are also important in deciding the flight of a paper airplane? Do the physical quantities or the structure of the airplane play a major role in planning the flight or the distance covered? In order to research and find out whether there are any other principles related to the flying of airplanes that are made out of paper, I have performed an experiment that brings out the result whether the shape, weight and the structure play an important role in determining the flight of the paper airplane. Experiment: Aim: To determine the relation between the designs, type of paper used in the paper plane and the flight or the distance covered by the paper plane. Hypothesis: I had the initial idea that the paper planes that are lighter in weight cover more distance as they have the capacity to move in the air with the force or the pressure of the wind. And I also felt that the paper airplane of design Moth will cover the largest distance as I have experimented and used this design many times for its smooth kind of flying. I usually thought that the type of paper and design are both equally important for the flight of paper planes. Variables: Dependent variable- The distance that the paper planes covers is the dependent variable. Independent variable- The type of paper used and the designs of the paper planes are the independent variables. Controlled variable- The force with which the person throws the paper planes can be controlled and also the height and the direction in which the paper planes are thrown are controlled. Uncontrolled variable- the force of gravity and the drag in the air acting on the paper planes are uncontrolled. Also, external factors such as wind, dust particles cannot be controlled. Apparatus: 7 X Meter scale/ Ruler of 100 cm 1 X Chalk 5 X Paper planes of different designs made up of cardboard paper 5 X Paper planes of different designs made up of A-4 size normal paper 5 X Paper planes of different designs made up of hand-made paper 1 X Analytical balance Note: The paper planes used in the experiment must be of 5 different designs but these designs must be used throughout for every kind of paper used. Procedure: 1. Make the following paper airplanes with the following types of paper- Design of paper airplane Type of paper Type of paper Type of paper Pictures Arrow Cardboard Hand-made A-4 size normal paper Moth Cardboard Hand-made A-4 size normal paper Flying fish Cardboard Hand-made A-4 size normal paper Wide Cardboard Hand-made A-4 size normal paper Unknown Cardboard Hand-made A-4 size normal paper Note that the flaps or the wings of the paper planes must be folded in the upward direction. 2. Gather all the apparatus needed to perform the experiment and select a wide, open and a large area without any obstacles such as pillars or other objects in the area where the experiment is performed. 3. Firstly, mark the initial position with the help of a chalk. This position is the point or the line from where the paper plane needs to be thrown. Note that the person throwing the plane with the help of his hands must not exceed or go behind the line while throwing the plane. The initial position needs to be constant for all the paper planes. 4. Take all the paper planes of design Arrow of materials- cardboard, hand-made paper and A-4 size normal paper. Take each one of them and fly them from the height of the shoulder of the person who is throwing the paper plane. Measure the distance covered by the plane with the help of the chalk. Mark the point where the plane falls on the ground and then measure the distance from the initial position. 5. Similarly, repeat the experiment with the paper planes of other designs. Measure and record the distances of all the planes and tabulate the readings. 6. Also, measure the weight of all the paper planes on the analytical balance and record them. Risk Management: While making the paper planes, see to it that the shape is symmetrical and the folds that are made on the wings must be equal on both sides. Also, note that the person flies the paper plane with enough force. This is because the capacity of the paper plane to fight against the drag in the air increases if the initial velocity of the plane is high. Important note: Note that the readings of the distance covered by the paper planes must be taken at least 5 times to reduce the errors during the experiment. Also, whenever the paper planes are thrown, the tip of the paper plane must be made straight so that the plane flies smoothly on the basis of its shape and the type of paper used because the fold or the improper tip of the plane may be an obstruction for the plane to cover its normal distance. Raw and Processed Data: Sr. No. Type of paper Design of paper planes Distance covered by the planes (centimeter) Average distance covered by the paper planes (centimeters) Weight of the paper plane (grams) 1.a. Cardboard paper Arrow 379.30 +0.1 340.70 +0.1 367.10 +0.1 323.00 +0.1 298.20 +0.1 341.66 +0.1 11.319 1.b. A-4 size normal paper Arrow 483.90 +0.1 670.50 +0.1 435.90 +0.1 458.30 +0.1 698.30 +0.1 594.38 +0.1 3.648 1.c. Hand-made paper Arrow 406.20 +0.1 425.10 +0.1 373.60 +0.1 395.80 +0.1 397.00 +0.1 399.54 +0.1 10.062 2.a. Cardboard paper Flying fish 299.10 +0.1 353.20 +0.1 381.40 +0.1 297.50 +0.1 292.20 +0.1 324.68 +0.1 13.511 2.b. A-4 size normal paper Flying fish 311.70 +0.1 373.00 +0.1 282.50 +0.1 344.90 +0.1 381.70 +0.1 338.76 +0.1 4.397 2.c. Hand-made paper Flying fish 287.30 +0.1 293.70 +0.1 366.00 +0.1 330.60 +0.1 360.30 +0.1 327.58 +0.1 12.483 3.a. Cardboard paper Moth 358.20 +0.1 399.10 +0.1 322.30 +0.1 371.70 +0.1 448.20 +0.1 379.90 +0.1 10.786 3.b. A-4 size normal paper Moth 492.90 +0.1 421.00 +0.1 455.80 +0.1 583.10 +0.1 502.60 +0.1 491.08 +0.1 4.395 3.c. Hand-made paper Moth 389.30 +0.1 324.20 +0.1 462.40 +0.1 387.00 +0.1 353.20 +0.1 383.22 +0.1 9.244 4.a. Cardboard paper Delta-Wing 276.00 +0.1 201.90 +0.1 250.10 +0.1 196.30 +0.1 227.00 +0.1 230.26 +0.1 14.371 4.b. A-4 size normal paper Delta-Wing 252.60 +0.1 259.40 +0.1 299.90 +0.1 274.70 +0.1 251.30 +0.1 267.58 +0.1 4.400 4.c. Hand-made paper Delta-Wing 296.20 +0.1 257.80 +0.1 231.60 +0.1 237.60 +0.1 241.50 +0.1 252.94 +0.1 11.196 5.a. Cardboard paper Paper Jet 226.40 +0.1 214.40 +0.1 183.20 +0.1 165.10 +0.1 180.70 +0.1 193.96 +0.1 12.948 5.b. A-4 size normal paper Paper Jet 335.10 +0.1 307.80 +0.1 362.30 +0.1 330.00 +0.1 405.40 +0.1 348.12 +0.1 3.907 5.c. Hand-made paper Paper Jet 336.40 +0.1 291.60 +0.1 337.90 +0.1 367.80 +0.1 337.20 +0.1 334.18 +0.1 7.927 The uncertainties in the experiment is + 0.1 cm because least count on the meter scale is + 0.1 cm. Observations: From the observation table, we can almost indicate that the heaviest paper plane in every type of design covers the shortest distance while the lightest paper plane covers the highest distance. We see that the paper planes made out of cardboard paper are the heaviest in every design of paper used and the ones made out of A-4 size normal paper are the lightest. But in the table, there is an observation for the paper planes of design Paper Jet where the distance covered has drastically reduced for the cardboard paper when we compare planes with other types of papers used and also when we see the difference between other types of paper planes. Conclusion of the experiment: From the above observation, we can state that the design and weight of the paper plane and the type of paper used are important to determine the distance covered by the paper airplanes as we obtain different readings of distances covered by the paper airplanes of different designs. But, here the question arises as to why the weight affects the flight of the paper planes and another question is that what are the other relevant factors that affect the flight of the paper planes. Wings functioning theory: Wings are important features of any object or creature when it comes to flight and balance in air. Birds have wings with the help of which they are able to fly and for fast transportation and development of technology, these principles of the wings were used in the making of aero-planes. And these wings also play a crucial role in enabling the paper airplanes to fly through air. According to Bernoullis principle in relation to aerodynamics, whenever the speed of air is greater, the pressure that the air exerts on the surface is lower and vice versa. Thus, we can relate this principle to paper airplanes and state that when the paper airplane is in air, the air passes through both- the upper as well as the lower part of the wings. Also, the wings have an angle of attack as the wings are not straight while passing through the opposite air drag and they create an angle with the air. According to my experiment, when the wings pass through the air, the angle of attack is created with the air and thus, the wings move upwards. This activity makes the speed of air greater in the upward part of the wing and reduces the speed in the lower part. On applying the Bernoullis principle, the pressure on the upper part reduces, thus creating suction with the wing and pulling them upwards. While the pressure under the wings increases and this pushes the wings in the upward direction. This helps the paper airplane to remain aloft and stable in the air. There is another principle that helps the paper planes remain in air for a longer time which is Newtons third law of motion which states that every reaction has an equal and opposite reaction. During the flight of the plane, the wings face a considerable amount of air coming towards it and when this air applies force or creates pressure on the wings, the wings, in return, apply force and pressure on the air which helps them to remain stable in the air. Thus, Bernoullis principle and Newtons third law of motion are both appropriate reasons for the flight of paper airplanes in the air with the help of the wings. Also, this theory varies accordingly with the different types of designs used in the experiment because not all planes have the same structure of wings and thus, the amount of pressure and the amount of force applied on the wings is different. For example, the arrow, moth and delta wing have the same type of wings that are mentioned in the theory (that is they are tilted upwards). But designs such as paper jet and flying fish have quite different shapes of wings that are evident from the diagram of the airplanes shown in the experiment. Thus, for the paper jet, there are several folds and flaps in the wing itself and thus, the amount of pressure and the reaction force from the wings towards the air, are different at different parts of the wings. One part of the wing has several folds on one another while one part has a smooth surface. So, the wings air pressure at the smooth surface of the wing may be different than the pressure and force on the folded surface. Thus, there are possibilities of various kinds of movements such as ups and downs or loops or nosedives of the plane and thus, there is a difference in the distance covered by these planes. So, we can draw conclusions that the design of the wings or the planes is on e factor that is responsible for the distance covered by the paper planes. Weight theory: The observation table from the experiment proves that for these designs, the greater the weight of the planes is, the lesser distance is covered by them. Drag is the horizontal force that acts on the paper plane when it flies through the air. Thus, this force becomes an obstacle for the plane to cover more distance. In order to fight and resist this air pressure, we need to have a strong material of paper which has the capacity to resist the air drag. From the materials of paper used, cardboard paper is the heaviest and we can thus, say that it has the largest amount of power to resist air drag. But, at the same time, there is a force of gravity acting downwards towards the ground surface. And according to theory of gravity, the more the weight of the object is, the greater is the attraction. Hence, we can say that though the cardboard paper is the heaviest, it also has a greater force of attraction due to gravity. This mixture of gravitational force and the air drag makes the cardbo ard plane cover the least distance. Thus, the weight of the paper used is one reason which affects the distance covered by the paper planes. The above theories indicate that the wing functioning theory forms the basis for which the paper airplanes fly and the weight theory determines the distance covered by the paper airplanes in relation to its weight. Though the normal paper has the least weight, the wind and the force from the person throwing the plane enable the plane to move smoothly in the air. Thus, as there is least attraction of gravity for this plane, it is able to fly farther distances. Thus, the weight theory in regard with drag and gravity helps to determine the distance covered by the planes. Evaluation of the experiment: Improvement of errors: While throwing the paper airplane, the force applied on every paper airplane might not be the same which leads to the variations in the readings obtained. In order to improve this error, the person must decide a particular fixed amount of force or energy that he will apply to the plane. This action can help to reduce some amount of errors. The experiment is performed in an open area where there are now windows or sources of high air flow. Though high amount of air flow is avoided, there is a possibility of some kind of passage of wind which might affect the flight of the paper airplanes. For example, the amount of wind present may not be equal all time and thus, this may affect the flight of planes accordingly. Thus, the thrower must use enough force that can help the paper airplanes to overcome gravity and fight the air resistance. The distance covered by each paper plane was measured five times in order to reduce systematic errors. This step may also affect the flight of paper planes sometimes as the landing of the paper planes is very which may include crashes with the ground surface. Due to crashing, the sharp tip or the nose of the paper plane may get disturbed or blunt. And this change in the shape of the tip may lead to the variations in distances covered. To overcome this error, the thrower must be careful and always try to straighten up the tip of the paper airplanes. By doing so, the crashing of the planes can be avoided and the normal flight of the paper planes can be maintained. The folds and flaps of the paper airplanes have to be done with perfection so that there is no problem with the flight of the planes and the planes can cover their actual distances. For paper airplane readings of paper Jet, we notice that the distance covered by the normal and hand-made paper is quite different and higher than that covered by the cardboard paper plane. The reason for this is the design and the stiffness of the cardboard paper. The design of this paper plane is very complex and it includes several minor and major folds and flaps. Due to the tough material of cardboard paper, it is very difficult to follow all the steps of the design. Thus, the design of this plane is not perfect enough and the folds also do not remain stable. This is the reason why the paper plane covers very less distance as compared to other planes of the same design. In order to avoid these construction errors, the person may change the type of design used that fits according to the material of paper used or the folds must be done carefully and a much better plane of the same design can be constructed. The apparatus used in the experiment such as the analytical balance and the meter scale must work properly to avoid systematic errors and the weight and distances of the paper planes must be measured carefully. The calculations such as the average distance must be correct to avoid any random errors.

Censorship On The Internet :: essays research papers

Censorship on the Internet Five years after the first world wide web was launched at the end of 1991, The Internet has become very popular in the United States. Although President Clinton already signed the 1996 Telecommunication ActI on Thursday Feb 8, 1996, the censorship issue on the net still remains unresolved. In fact, censorship in cyberspace is unconscionable and impossible. Trying to censor the Internet its problematic because the net is an international issue, there is no standard for judging materials, and censorship is an abridgment of democratic spirit. Firstly, censorship on the Internet is an international issue. The Internet was constructed by the U.S. military since 1960s, but no one actually owns it. Thus, the Internet is a global network, and it crosses over different cultures. It is impossible to censor everything that seems to be offensive. For example, Vietnam has announced new regulations that forbid "data that can affect national security, social order, and safety or information that is not appropriate to the culture, morality, and traditional customs of the Vietnamese people." on June 4, 1996. It is also impossible to ban all things that are prohibited in a country. For instant, some countries, such as Germany, have considered taking measures against the U.S. and other companies or individuals that have created or distributed offensive material on the Internet. If the United States government really wanted to censor the net, there is only one solution - shut down all network links of other countries. But of course that would mean no Internet access for the whole country and that is disgust by the whole nation. Secondly, everyone has their personal judgment values. The decision of some people cannot represent the whole population of those using the net. Many people debate that pornography on the net should be censored because there are kids online. However, we can see there are many kids of pornographic magazines on display at newsstands. It is because we have regulations to limit who can read certain published materials. Likewise, some people already use special software to regulate the age limit in cyberspace. Why do people still argue about that? It is all about personal points of views. Justice Douglas said, "To many the Song of Solomon is obscene. I do not think we, the judges, were ever given the constitutional power to make definitions of obscenity."II. In cyberspace, it is hard to set up a pool of judges to censor what could be displayed on the net. Thirdly, censorship works against democratic spirit, it opposes the right of free speech and is a breach of the First Amendment.

Intercultural Communication and Conflicts Essay

The communication between different cultures is very difficult. Intercultural communication can lead to misunderstanding and confusion. You may offend someone without even knowing it. Nonverbal communication is challenge as well such as handshakes, eye contact, hug, and etc. These problems happened so many times from my fiancee who is from America and me who is from South Korea. One day, my father visited to our place for holiday. When my father walked into our place, my fiancee was lying on the sofa and then he said â€Å"Hi. In Korean culture, when adults come to you, you need to stand up and bow to them. That moment, my fiancee’s behavior was disrespectful to my father. This tells us that we grew up differently since we have different culture background. However, we both have the attitude where we like to learn about each other cultures. It gives us a better understanding and respect more. To me, language barrier is one of issue with communication. When I moved to America, I barely spoke English and I was really afraid of speaking with other people, especially in English; however, time went by, as went to high school, college and join in the Army in America, I became more interactive in communication with people. Also, my fiancee helps me to learn and correct my English skill. Interpersonal communication Thousands of people use more online email, texting, Facebook, twitter, and etc. to communicate now, because it’s easier and faster to communicate to others. On the other hand, online communications can be bad. More likely, face to face communication can be avoided. I realized that most people use smart phone anytime and anywhere now. Sadly, it happens during class, meeting, dating, waiting, and dining. In fact, one of my nieces who is 6 years old refused to talk and listen to me when I discipline her. Instead face to face communication, she wanted to text me to say â€Å"sorry. † I didn’t accept her apologize because I believe in true meaningful interpersonal communication should be face to face communication.

Status of Women in the United States

The status of women in the United States throughout history has grown significantly. Throughout history women had fewer legal rights and career opportunities than. Women were seen to be just wives and mothers and take care of the homes while the husbands worked. Women did not have a say in having jobs, voting, or even attending college. It appears that a lot of things began to change around the 19th and 20th century. For example in the beginning of the 19th century, women began working outside the homes in large numbers, in textile mills and garment shops.The medical profession had also changed their attitude about women as well. This was considered to be suitable work for women. In the 1920's women were given the right to vote, however their political roles were minimal. Women have made a noticeable mark in the world today. Men have become more acceptable of the different roles we play. The change throughout the years have been reflected in the politics, employment and even in our s tatus within the home. 2. The status of women in the U. S. is that women are getting some of the same benefits as men.There are many organizations that fight for the equality of women and they are succeeding. When we look at how women are now allowed to be doctors and nurses, and receive the same pay. We also now see women in the courtrooms as judges and working in the construction area beside the men. Women have advanced greatly and have a lot to be proud of . We are striving daily to be treated fairly with the men and it is well deserved. There may be a small percentage of males that may feel that women are not equal to them, however, the larger percentage feels that women are equal.Women have struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work just has hard as a man and Appendix H3. however, the larger percentage feels that women are equal. Women have struggled for years to be next to man and not in front or in back. Women work just has hard as a man and should be paid just as well as a man. 3. Some of the concepts of masculinity and femininity I that I see in the society and in the media would be such as men should only be truck drivers, construction workers, railroad workers. Women should be in jobs such as nurses, homemakers, daycare providers, retail in the ladies departments.As far as the media is concerned, it is a little tricky to me because we now see men and women doing the news and also doing different television shows. Men used to be seen only doing the tough roles as gang members with guns and so forth. Women are now portrayed in these types of roles a well. Women and men may be seen as equally sharing these kinds of roles when it comes to the media. I think that it is a good thing for them to share roles equally. They both work hard and should be treated fairly. 4. The social status of GLBT people historically has been that they were not accepted into society years ago.They could not let society know that they were cou ples or they would either be jailed or even hurt. Most the them would have to keep their relationships hidden from society and even from their own families due to the ridicule that they would suffer. Many men and women would have to pretend that they were heterosexual in society so that they would not be judged. They could not be open and honest about their true identity. 5. The status of the LGBT is today's society is that they are accepted more into society. They have many activist that fight for their rights to be equal and they have won.For example, the biggest victory was same sex marriage. A lot of couples that were not able to broadcast their relationships are now able to be married. Appendix H4. 5. continued The couples are now able to enter society and be a family outside their homes without feeling judged. They are able to express their feelings openly through rallies, blogs, and in the media. They have come a long way and are proud of their accomplishments. 6. I believe t hat some of the social and political issues relevant to women and GLBT people in the United States is that same places of business are still having an issue with treating them fairly.For example, if a gay couples enters a place of business, they are automatically frowned upon and some are given less than fair treatment. When it comes to women, they are can be treated unfairly as far as when a woman goes to have her car repaired or if she goes to purchase a car. Many may see her as a helpless person and that she is not aware of what she is doing and will try to take advantage of her. The political issues are that the GLBT are seen in the news as constantly protesting and fighting for their rights.Many people in the political arena who do not like this group will not support any cases, any bills to be passed to support this group. As for the political issues for women, I would have to say for an example regarding the support of abortion laws. Some on the political parties may not agre e with this and so they will not support any passing of laws regarding abortion. Appendix H5. References http://www. now. org http://www. equalityfederation. org Papachristou, Judith, ed. Women Together: A History in Documents of the Women's Movement in the United States. New York: Knopf, 1976.

Sri Lanka Facts and History

Sri Lanka Facts and History With the recent end of the Tamil Tiger insurgency, the island nation of Sri Lanka seems poised to take its place as a new economic powerhouse in South Asia. After all, Sri Lanka (formerly known as Ceylon) has been a key trading hub of the Indian Ocean world for more than a thousand years. Capital and Major Cities Administrative Capital: Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte, metro population 2,234,289 Commercial Capital: Colombo, metro population 5,648,000 Major Cities: Kandy population 125,400Galle population 99,000Jaffna population 88,000 Government The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka has a republican form of government, with a president who is both head of government and head of state. Universal suffrage starts at age 18. The current president is Maithripala Sirisena; presidents serve six-year terms. Sri Lanka has a unicameral legislature. There are 225 seats in Parliament, and members are elected by popular vote to six-year terms.  The Prime Minister is Ranil Wickremesinghe. The president appoints judges to both the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals. There are also subordinate courts in each of the countrys nine provinces. People Sri Lankas total population is approximately 20.2 million as of the 2012 census. Nearly three-quarters, 74.9%, are ethnic Sinhalese. Sri Lankan Tamils, whose ancestors came to the island from southern India centuries ago, make up about 11% of the population, while more recent Indian Tamil immigrants, brought in as agricultural labor by the British colonial government, represent 5%. Another 9% of Sri Lankans are the Malays and Moors, descendants of Arab and Southeast Asian traders who plied the Indian Ocean monsoon winds for more than a thousand years. There are also tiny numbers of Dutch and British settlers, and aboriginal Veddahs, whose ancestors arrived at least 18,000 years ago. Languages The official language of Sri Lanka is Sinhala. Both Sinhala and Tamil are considered national languages; only about 18% of the population speaks Tamil as a mother tongue, however. Other minority languages are spoken by about 8% of Sri Lankans. In addition, English is a common language of trade, and approximately 10% of the population are conversant in English as a foreign language. Religion Sri Lanka has a complex religious landscape. Almost 70% of the population are Theravada Buddhists (mainly the ethnic Sinhalese), while most Tamils are Hindu, representing 15% of Sri Lankans. Another 7.6% are Muslims, particularly the Malay and Moor communities, belonging primarily to the Shafii school within Sunni Islam. Finally, about 6.2% of Sri Lankans are Christians; of those, 88% are Catholic and 12% are Protestant. Geography Sri Lanka is a teardrop-shaped island in the Indian Ocean, southeast of India. It has an area of 65,610 square kilometers (25,332 square miles), and is mostly flat or rolling plains. However, the highest point in Sri Lanka is Pidurutalagala, at an impressive 2,524 meters (8,281 feet) in altitude. The lowest point is sea level. Sri Lanka sits at the middle of a tectonic plate, so it does not experience volcanic activity or earthquakes. However, it was heavily impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, which killed more than 31,000 people in this mostly low-lying island nation. Climate Sri Lanka has a maritime tropical climate, meaning that it is warm and humid throughout the year. Average temperatures ranges from 16 °C (60.8 °F) in the central highlands to 32 °C (89.6 °F) along the northeast coast. High temperatures in Trincomalee, in the northeast, can top 38 °C (100 °F). The entire island generally has humidity levels between 60 and 90% year-round, with the higher levels during the two long monsoonal rainy seasons (May to October and December to March). Economy Sri Lanka has one of the strongest economies in South Asia, with a GDP of $234 billion US (2015 estimate), a per capita GDP of $11,069, and a 7.4% annual growth rate. It receives substantial remittances from Sri Lankan overseas workers, mostly in the Middle East; in 2012, Sri Lankans abroad sent home about $6 billion US. Major industries in Sri Lanka include tourism; rubber, tea, coconut and tobacco plantations; telecommunications, banking and other services; and textile manufacturing. The unemployment rate and percentage of the population living in poverty are both an enviable 4.3%. The islands currency is called the Sri Lankan rupee. As of May, 2016, the exchange rate was $1 US 145.79 LKR. History The island of Sri Lanka appears to have been inhabited since at least 34,000 years before the present. Archaeological evidence suggests that agriculture began as early as 15,000 BCE, perhaps reaching the island along with the ancestors of the aboriginal Veddah people. Sinhalese immigrants from northern India likely reached Sri Lanka around the 6th century BCE. They may have established one of the earliest great trade emporiums on earth; Sri Lankan cinnamon appears in Egyptian tombs from 1,500 BCE. By about 250 BCE, Buddhism had reached Sri Lanka, brought by Mahinda, the son of Ashoka the Great of the Mauryan Empire. The Sinhalese remained Buddhist even after most mainland Indians had converted to Hinduism. Classical Sinhalese civilization relied on complicated irrigation systems for intensive agriculture; it grew and prospered from 200 BCE to about 1200 CE. Trade flourished between China, Southeast Asia, and Arabia by the first few centuries of the common era. Sri Lanka was a key stopping point on the southern, or sea-bound, branch of the Silk Road. Ships stopped there not only to restock on food, water and fuel, but also to buy cinnamon and other spices. The ancient Romans called Sri Lanka Taprobane, while Arab sailors knew it as Serendip. In 1212, ethnic Tamil invaders from the Chola Kingdom in southern India drove the Sinhalese south. The Tamils brought Hinduism with them. In 1505, a new kind of invader appeared on Sri Lankas shores. Portuguese traders wanted to control the sea-lanes between the spice islands of southern Asia; they also brought missionaries, who converted a small number of Sri Lankans to Catholicism. The Dutch, who expelled the Portuguese in 1658, left an even stronger mark on the island. The legal system of the Netherlands forms the basis for much of modern Sri Lankan law. In 1815, a final European power appeared to take control of Sri Lanka. The British, already holding the mainland of India under their colonial sway, created the Crown Colony of Ceylon. UK troops defeated the last native Sri Lankan ruler, the King of Kandy, and began to govern Ceylon as an agricultural colony that grew rubber, tea, and coconuts. After more than a century of colonial rule, in 1931, the British granted Ceylon limited autonomy. During World War II, however, Britain used Sri Lanka as a forward post against the Japanese in Asia, much to the irritation of Sri Lankan nationalists. The island nation became fully independent on February 4, 1948, several months after the Partition of India and the creation of independent India and Pakistan in 1947. In 1971, tensions between the Sinhalese and Tamil citizens of Sri Lanka bubbled over into armed conflict. Despite attempts at a political solution, the country erupted into the Sri Lankan Civil War in July of 1983; the war would continue until 2009, when government troops defeated the last of the Tamil Tiger insurgents.

B322 Investigating entrepreneurial opportunities Essay

B322 Investigating entrepreneurial opportunities - Essay Example However the treatments are frequently conducted over a fairly long period of time and at considerable expense. The acupressure complimentary treatment centre deploys modern technology in order to provide complimentary health benefits at an affordable price to the general public. The target market is the general public. Competitors are complimentary treatment centres and individual practices and also allopathic general medical treatment centres and individual practices. Also to a lesser degree health spas and beauty salons. Acupressure is a derivative of acupuncture which out of all the complimentary healing systems is the most recognised. In particular acupressure has the advantage over acupuncture in that no needles are used in the treatment plan. The acupressure centre will employ state of the art technology to derive benefits similar to acupressure to its customers, however at a much more competitive price and in a manner which allows for considerable longer and more frequent treatments than provided for by the traditional acupressure practices. I have considerable commercial experience combined with a long term interest and experience of complementary medicine. While I believe in complimentary medicine I find the present practice of complimentary medicine to be laborious and expensive. By leveraging my commercial experience I believe I can create a unique twist on the present complimentary health offering. Question 2 Prepare a report of up to 1,200 words addressed to your tutor. Describe the main features of the competitive market in which you intend to do business and explain how and why your idea will be innovative. Explain clearly what particular innovation or market gap your idea addresses and what benefits it will offer to your target customers. Explain how you will acquire or develop the skills necessary for successfully launching your idea. You should take into account: l the concepts covered in the

Labor market discrimination Gender and Racial based Essay

Labor market discrimination Gender and Racial based - Essay Example Discrimination refers to distinction, restriction, differential treatment or exclusion which makes a person or a group in position of disadvantage when compared to others who are in similar circumstances or situations. Discrimination is part and parcel of social life and it is impossible to find any aspect of social life without discrimination. There are several types of discrimination and these include race, religion, age, ethnicity, gender, sex, language and disability (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 2009).. Basically, discrimination manifests itself through prejudices advanced against or in favor of another person, depending on the reasons stated above. The occurrence of prejudice normally refers to rejection of a person because the person belongs to discriminated group. Discrimination is also a matter of attitude among those who either practice it or become a victim to it. Since discrimination is something that is highly dependent on one’s attitude, it ought t o be considered in terms of both the one who is discriminated against and the one who is doing the discrimination. Though different types of discrimination exist all over the world with differences in intensity and magnitude, racial and gender discriminations are more widely and universally present. Racial discrimination refers to the difference shown to individuals on the basis of real and perceived racial difference while gender discrimination is due to difference in the sex. This difference is because of the assigned gender roles, prejudices and social construction. Review of literature on prevalence, causes and effects of gender and racial discrimination in the labor market are discussed in the following sections. ... ial and gender intolerance appears to be every bit of the societies and hence, it is interesting to review the causes and effects of these discriminations on labor market based on the earlier studies. Review of literature on prevalence, causes and effects of gender and racial discrimination in the labor market are discussed in the following sections. Prevalence of Racial and Gender based Discrimination in the Labor Market Large number of studies reveals that there is intensive racial discrimination in the US labor market. This kind of discrimination is essentially occurs through allocation of disadvanges and privileges depending on the color of one’s skin, or in other words, it is called as ‘colorism’(Hersch 2008). Racial discrimination is found across the job market, both in the industries; field as well as in the domestic chores. According to Ingram (2008), racial discrimination also manifests itself in the labor market through house hold chores. He argues that the time spent for attending the household chores should be considered as labor hours. He also presents evidence to the effect that US Blacks as well as non-white couples (heterosexual) tend to be discriminated against by being given extra workload in the house. The study is the evidence of pre-labor market discrimination as the labor for household chores is more discussed in it. As with racial discrimination in the market, there are a quite a number of empirical studies which shows the existence and effects of gender based discrimination in the labor market. Gender based discrimination is predominant in the domestic labor market with women normally working overtime and extra hours (Banton, 1998). Studies have also attempted to identify forms in which discrimination occurs. Along to Banton (1998), gender

You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You choose the topic - Essay Example Specifically, the author employs horrific imagery of death and revenge in order to set the mood for the eventual murder of Fortunato. Poe uses dark words and images of death like â€Å"a mask of black silk† worn by Montresor and â€Å"the damp ground of the catacombs† that both men see as they descend to the vaults (Poe, â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado†). In fact, the phrase â€Å"mask of black silk† and the word â€Å"catacombs† do not only foreshadow Fortunato’s death but also somehow symbolize death itself. The â€Å"mask of black silk† in particular, which is likened to the mask of an executioner, somehow signifies beginning of the initiation rite. Another form of symbolic imagery employed by Poe includes the family coat of arms of the Montresors: â€Å"the foot crushes a serpent rampant whose fangs are imbedded in the heel† (Poe, â€Å"The Cask†). The purpose of this particular form of imagery is to show the reader tha t the theme of death is perfectly intertwined with the theme of revenge and punishment. On the other hand, in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† it was a disease that â€Å"had sharpened [the narrator’s] senses and that makes him â€Å"very, very dreadfully nervous† that has actually made him kill the old man. Moreover, the narrator seems to have admitted the murder and justifies it only on the basis of impulse. In short, unlike Montresor in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the narrator in â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† does not hold a grudge against his victim although he kills him: â€Å"it was not the old man who vexed me, but his Evil Eye† (Poe, â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†). This particular disease that somehow sharpens the narrator’s senses has somehow made him too nervous and too afraid of the old man’s Evil Eye and that is the reason why the narrator smothers the latter with a bed or a pillow until his death. He then chops of f the old man’s head and limbs and hides them under the planks. Although

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication Essay Example for Free

Examples Of Nonverbal Communication Essay There are several types of nonverbal communication that may be evaluated on the basis of certain examples, that will help you understand the nuances of this complicated form of communication. Facial Expressions When reading facial expressions, some of these examples may help: While maintaining eye contact is a sign of confidence and positivity, avoiding eye contact is one of the most clear negative nonverbal communication examples. This implies that the person may be lying, or fears confrontation. The smile is another give-away when it comes to facial expressions. While a soft smile is a soft expression that is encouraging, a rigid smile or a smirk may be a sign of contempt. Raised eyebrows are not only a sign of surprise, they can also suggest mockery or sarcasm. It may be a natural physical trait of some people, and they may do it without realizing. However, it is important to know the kind of effect it is having on others. Frowning is another facial expression that we tend to assume when under stress. This gives out the message that we are unapproachable and cold. Posture and other Movements Postures are included in nonverbal communication and may be explained with a few of these examples: Standing erect shows confidence, but if you are slouching it is a sign of low self-esteem and a stance that you have given up. Keeping shoulders rigid again give a sign that you may be unapproachable, and may affect the kind of people you attract towards you. Constant fiddling with everything in sight is a sign of anxiety, frustration, boredom and lack of interest. Standing with your hands crossed behind you, combined with your facial expressions may be a clear sign of anger or frustration that you are trying to hold back. Gestures Gestures animate the conversations we have with others. We point, we wave and use all sorts of body language gestures while we are talking. For instance, you may constantly be rubbing your neck, or your the back of your ear. This is a sign of discomfort and lack of confidence. If you are angry, you may be clenching your fists to control your anger, or in preparation for a physical  attack! Rubbing hands together indicates excitement and indicates readiness to engage in an activity. Shrugging may show a lack of interest. Touch Even touch plays an important role in nonverbal communication. For instance: When your boss is praising you, and pats you on the back, it is a sign of genuine liking for you and your work. A firm handshake is the sign of confidence. We all know the reassuring effect of a warm bear hug. Someone who holds your arms while talking is either trying to make a statement, or to portray that he/she is in control. Space We all have a physical space around us. Sometimes we find people invading that personal space. It may be to portray any of the following: Intimacy Affection Dominance Aggression

Theoretical Framework Of Internet Addiction Psychology Essay

Theoretical Framework Of Internet Addiction Psychology Essay The theoretical framework that this study used to discuss about internet addiction will be Uses and Gratifications theory. UG theory founded by Elihu Katz in 1959, when Herzog examined the reasons people use the radio to listen to quiz programme (Herzog, 1942), and soap operas (Herzog, 1944) (as cited in Katz, 1959). According to Katz (1959), the outcomes of media usage depend on why and how they decided to use the media. Therefore, there are two main components that discuss in UG theory which are media that choose to be engaged and gratification that get from the media (Ruggiero, 2000). By explaining about the UG theory, mainly this theory works operationally through the social and the psychological needs for individuals generating motives and expectation of mass media(Katz, 1959), and how individuals use media to satisfy their needs and to achieve their goals (as cited in Patrick, 2010). Newhagen and Rafaeli (1996) mentioned that UG theory is suitable for the internet because internet has something suitable for everyone, be it information-seeking, inter-personal communication, entertainment, or escapism. It just likes chameleon-like character (as cited in Patrick, 2010). According to Katz, Blumler, and Gurevitch (1974) UG theory is commonly used to: (1) Explain how the psychological and social needs of people give rise to their expectation and motivations to choose and to use the mass media that will best meet their needs and expectations, (2) Explain how people use the media to meet their specific needs, (3) Understand the motives for their dependency on a particular media, and (4) Identify the consequences that resulted from the needs, motives, and dependency on a particular media (as cited in Patrick, 2010). (see Figure 1) Figure 2.jpgFigure 1: Uses and Gratification Framework (Katz, Blumler, Gurevitch, 1974 as cited in Patrick, 2010) According to Wimmer and Dominick (1994), in between 1950 to 1960, many researches began identifying social and psychological factors that resulted in different patterns of media consumption and gratification. For instance, individuals mental ability and relationships with parents and peers influences the nature of childrens television (Schramm, Lyle Parker, 1961 as cited in Patrick, 2010). In 1970, UG studies focused on audience motivation, which at the same time also proposed by McQuail, Blumler, and Brown mentioned that media serve four important functions at the level of the individual, which are (1) Emotional release through escapism and diversion from routine or problems, (2) Social utility through companionship, (3) Value reinforcement or personal identity through reality exploration, and (4) Self enrichment through information surveillance. Hence, the factors and motivations which discussed just now will be modify and apply to this study. (see Figure 2) chart 1.jpg Figure 2: Conceptual modified of Uses and Gratification model Figure 2 shows the conceptual modified of UG theory which apply to this study. In this study, the social factor stand for peer influence, and this peer influence affect both audience motivation that get from internet and also the consequences. For instance, if a person being influenced by the peer to using the internet (usage), the person will get the value reinforcement (audience motivation) by the peer as a sign to follow the peer and not being deviant to the peer group, then with the long hours in internet will addict to internet (consequences). There is another example by using this theory model. Example like if now the social factors change to unpleasant peer relationship or problematic peer relationship, it will also affect the outcome of this theory. If a person facing an unsuccessful peer relationship in the real communication, the person will go into internet to seek for another social utility from internet (audience motivation) and also shown as escapism from problem (audience motivation) that the person facing currently. With the fully focus and gratification that the person get from internet, he or she might refuse to get out from the internet and at the end lead the person to internet addiction (consequences). Factors and causes of Internet Addiction According to Chou, Condron, and Belland (2005), there are few studies found that there is a relationship between internet addiction and users social-psychological or personality variables, such as sensation seeking, pleasure experiences, use-and-gratification, loneliness, and depression. Besides that, there are also few significant factors which associated with the internet addiction such as, drinking behaviour, dissatisfaction with family, and experiences of stressful event (Lam, Peng, Mai, Jing, 2009). There are two similarities in these two studies, both mentioned that internet addiction is due to the stressful event or depression that one encounter, and dissatisfaction with their social relationship (which are social loneliness and family relationship). In Lam et al s (2009) study, found that internet addiction is a behavioural manifestation of internal stress and stress is a known risk factor of addiction. Besides that, Esen and GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du (2010) stated that internet addiction might be an escape for adolescents when they cannot cope with the problems of life and one of the main problems is not be able to handle the pressure from peer. So, when adolescent feel stress due to some problem, they cannot cope with it, they will chose to escape from the real world to get into the imaginary world of internet. On the other hand, Young (1996) found that there is 53% of internet addicts have experiencing important relationship problems, those might included family problem, friendship problem and soon. As a consequence, individual who experiences this kind of problem will feel hesitated to communicate with people in the real world to avoid the communication anxiety. Young (1997) had mentioned that internet provides dynamic social support group to the individual experiencing insufficient interpersonal relationships in real life, thus, person can take the emotional risks in the imaginary world than the real world (as cited in Esen GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du, 2010). At the same time, Lin, Lin and Wu (2009), pointed out that parental monitoring is an inhibitor in adolescents internet addiction. Especially for parents, they should manage to supervise and guide their children in using computer and internet, and also control the amount of unsupervised time they spend alone (Lin, Lin, Wu, 2009). Besides that, KÄÂ ±ran-Esen (2007) also mentioned in their study that parents and teacher support were significant predictors of internet addiction (as cited in Esen GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du, 2010). Parents should always encourage their children to talk to them rather than talk to the computer, teacher also play an important role in educate students the correct to using internet and support them when they facing any problem, such as family problem or peer problem in school. Moreover, Milani et al (2009) reported that with the advancement of new technologies, different online social support system start appears (as cited in Torres, 2010). People start sharing and communicate among one and another within the internet world and start seeking social support from internet, and this might lead them to the internet addiction. This is because, according to Torres (2010), online social support can enhance internet use. Moreover, the easy access to unlimited online information and little censorship also contribute to the problem of internet addiction (Patrick, 2010). Social Group According to Thomas (2011), adolescent normally do not make decision in a vacuum, rather they are highly influenced by the environment around them, especially within the social context (such as parent and peer). Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij, and Engels (2009) had reported that, parents are important and influential agents, and their parenting practices may promote or prevent the development of internet-related problems. Besides that, as cited in Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij, and Engels (2009), Liu and Kuo (2007) mentioned about the quality of the parents-child relationship was negatively associated with the level of internet addiction among students. Moreover, in the same research pointed out that parent-adolescent conflict and lower satisfaction with family functioning we positively related to adolescent internet addiction ( Yen et al, 2007, Ko et al Yen et al, 2007 as cited in Eijnden, Spijkerman, Vermulst, Rooij Engels, 2009). In year 2001, one of the Thomas studies stated that parent and peers actually influence adolescents delinquent activity, specifically through the manner in which they influence adolescents moral values (Thomas, 2011). Thomas (2011) explained that when an individual behaves in a manner that is consistent with the values of the social unit, the behaviour is viewed as rewarding to the individual, whereas behaviours that are inconsistent with the values of the social unit are seen as emotionally unfulfilling. So, adolescent might choose those activities which are match with the social value to avoid the social anxiety. Catalano and Hawkins (1996) said individuals who are bonded to social unit which uphold antisocial values and beliefs are most likely to engage in antisocial or delinquent behaviours (as cited in Thomas, 2011). Hence, when individuals are strongly bond with their social unit, they will be influenced by the social value and follow the norm although the behaviour maybe not the healthy activity or activity that might bring negative consequences (Thomas, 2011). Peer Influence Parents and peer influence playing role in different areas in the lives of youth (Bowerman Kinch, 1959; J.W. Young Ferguson, 1979), and peer are more influential in decisions on social issues such as choice of friends and group membership (J.W. Young Ferguous, 1979) (as cited in Patrick, 2010). According to Aseltine (1995), the peer group has traditionally been the center of attention in the sociological literature on adolescent deviance, there is research clearly documented the links between peer influence and substance use, as well as delinquent behaviour and antisocial values (Thomas, 2011). A study done by Walker and Bean (2009) to examine adolescents perceptions of negative and positive peer influence by using a sample of African American, European American, and Hispanic adolescents. In their study, they supported that association with deviant peers is often assumed to influence adolescents to engage in antisocial behaviour (negative influence), and the findings suggest that negative peer influence has stronger impact on adolescent behaviours than does positive peer influence. Besides, Brown and Klute (2006) mentioned that positive peer influence serve as a deterrent to negative behaviour and encouragement for positive behaviour (getting along with family and perform well in academic) (as cited in Walker Bean, 2009). Peer and Risky Behaviour There is study done by Agrawal, Lynskey, Bucholz, Madden and Heath (2007) indicated that having peer with favourable attitudes towards cannabis use is an important correlate of starting in cannabis use. Besides, a research by Trucco, Colder and Wieczorek (2011) concluded that reinforcement and modelling of alcohol use appear to be important mechanisms by which delinquent peers influence the initiation of drinking among adolescents. In Thomas studies (2011) indicated that adolescent choose to engage in delinquent activity in spite of having a supporting and loving family, because the peer rewards were more salient. In such case, the pressure to get a higher reward from peer lead adolescent to engage in different behaviour, although the behaviour might be delinquent but, as long as is in favour of the values of the peer unit (Thomas, 2011). Besides family support, adolescent seek support from their friends in order to satisfy unmet needs in the family environment (Nickerson Nagle, 2005) and friendship are an extension of family relationships (Bowlby,1969; Wilkinson, 2004) (as cited in Patrick, 2010). Peer group provide appropriate socials roles, norms, values, and attitude for group member, such social role determine what pattern of behaviour is expected and in this case, influence the behaviour of the adolescent (Lombardi, 1963). Dodge, Dishion, and Lansford (2006) stated that adolescent who are at risk for delinquency are susceptible to negative influences from deviant peers, and higher levels of deviant peer association were found to predict later increases in pro-delinquency beliefs which highlights the influence peers can have on adolescent beliefs about delinquency (Pardini, Loeber, and Stouthamer-Lober, 2005) (as cited in Thomas, 2011). Besides that, many research studies about juvenile delinquency stress the importance of peer groups in the form of bad neighbourhood, companions, and gangs (Lombardi, 1963). Peer and Internet Addiction Based on Harman, Hansen, Cochran, and Lindsey (2005), an internet addiction adolescent interact less with peers and have incompetent relationship quality. Normally, adolescent who are addicted to internet are having a poor peer relationship according to Sanders, Field, Diego, and Kaplan (2000) and Wang, Lee, and Chang (2003), they also experience the difficulty in making friends based on Mesch (2001), isolated socially (Nalwa Anand, 2003) and had lower social skills and deficient relationship explained by Harman, Hansen, Cochran, and Lindsey (2005) (as cited in Esen GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du, 2010). Moreover, Patrick (2010) revealed that people, who lack friends, also use the Internet more heavily to compensate socially, meaning that lack of friends may increase the motivation of online social interaction. As cited in Esen GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du (2010), Kiran-Esen (2007) found out that peer pressure is a significant predictor of internet addiction. Peer pressure is another variable discuss in internet addiction. According to Esen GÃ ¼ndoÄÅ ¸du (2010), internet addiction and peer pressure are related variables, their result showed that the lower the peer pressure, the addiction of internet also decrease. Gender differences in internet addiction There are some empirical support about the notion that males are more subject to internet addiction, example like, according to Morahan-Martin and Schumacker (2000), males were more likely than females to be pathological users (which is 12% vs 3%), whereas females were more likely than males to have no symptoms (28% vs. 26%) or have limited symptoms (69% vs. 61%) of behavioural pathology (as cited in Chou, Condron, Belland, 2005). In Greece, there is studies found out that people who suffering from internet addiction are mostly young male, and also showing that the rates of exhibiting the disorder among females is increasing (Lam, Peng, Mai, Jing, 2009). In Taiwan also, a study done by Griffiths (1998) showed that only three respondents were female students out of a total of 54 internet addiction cases gleaned from more than 900 Taiwan college student respondents (as cited in Chou, Condron, Belland, 2005). Zhang, Amos, and McDowell (2008) also mentioned that male have higher level of internet addiction. The notion that males are more subject to internet addiction has empirical support, such as according to Scherer (1997) indicated that dependent internet users included a significantly larger proportion of men to women (71% men and 29% women) than the non-dependent users (50% are men and women). Besides that, Lam, Peng, Mai, and Jing (2009) also reported that males are 50% more likely than females to be addicted to the internet. Moreover, according to Chou, Chondron, and Belland (2005), they concluded that men use internet differently from woman, and that men are more likely subject to internet addiction. Women using internet differently than men, according to Jackson, Ervin, Gardner, and Schmitt (2001) , women are using internet more to communicate and maintain relationships online and men are mainly interested in less relational activities (as cited in Torres, 2010). Young (1998) had mentioned that women are usually more drawn to social and interactive aspects of the internet, and men are more likely to access the internet to play interactive video games (as cited in Torres, 2010). Young (1998) found out that women normally seek out close friendship and prefer anonymous communication in which they can hide their appearance, have a sense of belonging and the ability to share their feelings and emotions in private and convenient ways; whereas men tend to seek out dominant activities or content online (which rely particularly on power, dominance, control, and violence) and also tend to explore sexual fantasies online (as cited in Chou, Condron, Belland, 2005). Summary This section discussed the theoretical perspectives and major concept (social factor) that is used throughout this research. The application of Use and Gratifications (UG) Theory explained how the social factor (peer influence) affect the adolescent engage in internet use and how to lead to internet addiction. Besides, above review also pointed out that many factors which cause one addicted to internet. The most influential factor could be social support group, and among so many social groups, the review discuss about how the peer influence the most in adolescent on risky behaviour. One of the risky behaviour which being discuss above is overly using internet, which will lead to internet addiction. In addition, the gender differences also playing a role in internet addiction.